烟花爆竹燃放对大气污染物及PM2.5组分影响

为了解烟花爆竹燃放对保定市大气污染物和PM_2.5中水溶性离子及有机碳（OC）、元素碳（EC）浓度的影响,对保定市春节期间大气污染物和颗粒物组分的浓度特征进行了分析,并评估了烟花爆竹的贡献.结果表明： 2019年春节期间烟花爆竹集中燃放期PM_2.5、PM₁₀、SO₂、NO₂、CO平均浓度比非集中燃放期分别增加了1.3、1.0、1.1、0.4、0.02倍;保定市春节期间禁燃措施施行后,除夕、初一2d污染物平均浓度、最高浓度和高浓度持续时间均明显下降,集中燃放期烟花爆竹燃放对PM_2.5、PM₁₀和SO₂浓度贡献量从50%左右（2018年、2017年）下降至30%左右（2019年）,其中SO₂贡献量下降幅度超过PM_2.5和PM₁₀;组分分析表明,接待中心站点（主城区）、涿州站点（区县建成区）烟花爆竹燃放期K⁺、Mg²⁺、Cl^-浓度在水溶性离子中的总占比分别为39.3%、51.1%,比非燃放期的占比显著上升;烟花爆竹燃放对PM_2.5中K⁺、Mg²⁺、Cl^-浓度贡献率在50%以上,其中对K⁺贡献占比高达89.0%,涿州站点SO₄^2-、K⁺、Mg²⁺、Cl^-的贡献量分别是接待中心站点的2.2、2.1、1.9、1.8倍,燃放期硫氧化率（SOR）、氮氧化率（NOR）相比于非燃放期均有一定程度的升高;集中燃放期OC、EC浓度较非集中燃放期分别升高了2.5、2.1倍,烟花爆竹燃放对OC影响大于EC.     

A view from the countryside

Guest Editorial

A view from the countryside     

Diapause embryos in the neustonic copepodAnomalocera patersoni

The neustonic copepodAnomalocera patersoni Templeton, collected from the Gulf of Naples from January to May 1988, laid subitaneous and diapause eggs that were of equal size and dark and smooth in appearance. In January and February, most eggs were subitaneous and hatched within 2 to 3 d at room temperature. Conspicuous numbers of diapause eggs were first obtained in February when several clutches contained a second egg type which did not hatch in a subitaneous manner. By March and April, most clutches contained only diapause eggs. Transmission electron microscope studies of subitaneous and diapause eggs revealed striking morphological differences. Subitaneous eggs had a thin vitelline coat covering the plasma membrane, whereas diapause eggs were enveloped by a complex four-layer structure which is assembled after spawning and which probably serves as a protective shell during dormancy. No major morphological differences were discernible in the oogenic cycle of females spawning either of the two egg types. Diapause eggs were shown to be embryos in early stages of development, and segmentation of these embryos was arrested for the entire 6-mo period of investigation. Diapause eggs hatched after 7 mo of dormancy.     

Shelter, housing and recovery: a comparison of u.s. Disasters

In this paper we examine the issues associated with the temporary sheltering and housing of victims after natural disasters in the United States. Specific topics addressed include differential access to shelter and housing aid according to social class, ethnicity and related demographic factors; the relationship between post-disaster shelter and housing and long-term recovery; the role of social support networks in the sheltering of victims; and the implications of the research for the provision of shelter and housing aid after disasters.     

Yield and grain quality of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L., cv. Drabant) exposed to different concentrations of ozone in open-top chambers

Spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L., cv. Drabant) was exposed to different concentrations of ozone in open-top chambers for two growing seasons, 1987 and 1988, at a site located in south-west Sweden. The chambers were placed in a field of commercially grown spring wheat. The treatments were charcoal-filtered air (CF), non-filtered air (NF) and non-filtered air plus extra ozone (NF(+)). In 1988, one additional ozone concentration (NF(++)) was used. Grain yield was affected by the ozone concentration of the air. Air filtration resulted in an increase in grain yield of about 7% in both years, compared to NF. The addition of ozone (NF(+), NF(++)) reduced grain yield and increased the content of crude protein of the grain in both years. Filtration of the air had no significant effect on the content of crude protein, compared to NF. The results showed a strong positive chamber effect on grain yield in the cold and wet summer of 1987. In 1988, there was no net chamber effect on grain yield. The relative differences between the CF, NF and NF(+) treatments with respect to grain yield were of the same magnitude in the two years, despite the very different weather conditions.     

Digestive mechanics and gluttonous feeding in the feather starOligometra serripinna (Echinodermata: Crinoidea)

The movement and digestion of food in the gut ofOligometra serripinna (Carpenter) were studied at Lizard Island (14°3842S; 145°2710E) in the austral winter of 1986. Feather stars in the laboratory were fed a brief, small meal of brine shrimp nauplii and killed at increasing time intervals thereafter. Histological reconstructions showed that the ingested nauplii progressed along the digestive tract surprisingly quickly. Some nauplii were found in the mid and hind intestine in only 30 min, and all of the nauplii had reached the hind intestine and rectum in 1 h. Digestion of the nauplii had started at 1 h, and only a few fragments of naupliar exoskeleton remained in the hind intestine and rectum 5 h after the start of feeding. Videotape analysis showed that no fecal pellets were released during this experiment. In the natural environment ofO. serripinna, ingested particles may similarly be transported quickly to the hind part of the gut and digested there — when feather stars were fixed in the field, most of the gut contents were found in the hind intestine and rectum.O. serripinna, which efficiently rejects inert particles before they are ingested, usually defecates infrequently (probably not more than once over a span of many hours) and differs from some other feather stars that ingest numerous inert particles and defecate much more frequently. When specimens ofO. serripinna were fed continuously on brine shrimp nauplii,Artemia sp. (San Francisco strain), in the laboratory, the feather stars fed gluttonously, packing their guts with several hundred nauplii in 1 to 2 h. Thereafter, superfluous feeding began (i.e., further ingestions appeared to force undigested nauplii, some of them still living, out of the anus). These observations suggest thatO. serripinna usually feeds at relatively modest rates in its natural habitat, but can feed gluttonously to take advantage of infrequent patches of highly concentrated, nutritious particles (e.g. copepod swarms, migrating demersal zooplankton, and invertebrate gametes from mass spawnings). It is likely that such patches of nutritious particles are usually small enough to drift out of reach of the feather stars before gluttonous feeding proceeds to superfluous feeding. Opportunities for superfluous feeding in nature are probably very infrequent (e.g. ingestion of coral gametes and embryos after a mass spawning), and the feather stars evidently have no behavior that stops further ingestions after the gut becomes filled to capacity.