己内酰胺-四丁基溴化铵类离子液体吸收SO2效率的研究

采用己内酰胺-四丁基溴化铵为原料,按摩尔配比为2∶1配制成[CPL][TBAB]类离子液体,制备的离子液体与乙醇溶液按体积比为1.5∶1混合以降低其粘度,利用筛板塔进行吸收实验,考察最佳吸收条件及最大吸收效率。结果表明,在实验条件下,最大的吸收效率条件为:离子液体的流量为60 L/h,SO2的流量为0.2 L/min,SO2为30℃,最大吸收效率为47.6%。     

Measurements of selected PCBs in open urban ambient air of Madrid (Spain)

The focus of this study was to characterize the concentration levels of selected PCBs and compare them to compiled data in order to contribute to the international database. The sampling site is located in the outskirts of Madrid and can be considered an open urban area. 32 samples of air were taken from February 1998 to June 1998 by using a high volume air sampler. Glass fiber filters and polyurethane foam (PUF) were used to collect the paniculate and gas phase material, respectively. PUF plugs were Soxhlet extracted and filters were ultrasonically extracted by using pesticide-grade hexane and dichloromethane, respectively. The cleanup procedure was carried out on a florisil column with hexane and hexane/dichloromethane as elution solvents. GC/MS in a selected ion monitoring mode was used for quantification and 29 selected PCBs congeners were analyzed.     

硫酸盐还原过程中乙酸型代谢方式的形成及其稳定性

通过产酸脱硫反应器处理高浓度硫酸盐废水的连续流试验,考察了不同试验阶段硫酸盐去除率和产气量稳定期,液相末端产物中挥发酸组成的变化、乙酸的分布特征、微生物种群组成和种群间关系.试验结果表明,各试验阶段液相末端产物中乙酸的分布比例高达50%～82%,微生物群体呈现特定的乙酸型代谢方式.乙酸型代谢方式本质上是产酸相反应器处理硫酸盐废水过程中,硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)与产酸菌(AB)建立起生物链式协同代谢关系,并通过非完全氧化型方式分解有机物,从而在末端产物中积累大量乙酸.乙酸型代谢方式的形成取决于利用乙酸的硫酸盐还原菌(ASRB)的竞争能力和它对乙酸的利用能力.乙酸型代谢方式可以为后续产甲烷相反应器提供适宜的底物,对提高硫酸盐废水处理系统的效率和运行稳定性具有重要意义.     

锡林郭勒盟植被物候枯黄期对干湿变化的时间多尺度响应

基于全球监测与建模组(GIMMS)1982～2015年第三代归一化植被指数(NDVI)GIMMS NDVI 3g数据集和气象观测数据,采用累计NDVI的Logistic曲线曲率极值法提取锡林郭勒草原植被枯黄期,并结合不同时间尺度标准化降水蒸散指数(SPEI)分析植被枯黄期对干湿变化的响应特征.结果表明:1982～201...     

原水水质对输水管道硝化作用形成的影响

采用配制水样模拟Ⅱ类、Ⅲ类和劣Ⅴ类地表水,利用管道模拟反应器研究不同原水水质条件下输水管道中硝化作用的形成及对输水水质的影响.结果表明:原水中氨氮(NH4+-N)及溶解氧(DO)含量对NH4+-N去除均有一定影响,DO充足时,去除率随原水中NH4+-N含量的增加而增加,DO浓度低时,DO成为影响NH4+-N去除的主要因素;原水NH4+-N含量对运行初期NO2--N积累有重要影响,NH4+-N含量越高,NO2--N积累量越大,随着生物膜的成熟,影响作用逐渐减弱;反应器中AOB数量主要受原水NH4+-N浓度的影响,随NH4+-N浓度升高而增加;NOB数量受NH4+-N和DO浓度的双重影响,DO含量低会抑制NOB活性,使NOB数量减少,导致NO2--N积累;输水管道中的硝化作用是水中及生物膜中硝化细菌共同作用的结果,但生物膜中硝化细菌存在水平高,其硝化作用占主导地位.     

Shiny cowbirds share foster mothers but not true mothers in multiply parasitized mockingbird nests

Obligate brood parasitic birds, such as cowbirds, evade parental care duties by laying their eggs in the nests of other species. Cowbirds are assumed to avoid laying repeatedly in the same nest so as to prevent intrabrood competition between their offspring. However, because searching for host nests requires time and energy, laying more than one egg per nest might be favoured where hosts are large and can readily rear multiple parasites per brood. Such ‘repeat parasitism’ by females would have important consequences for parasite evolution because young parasites would then incur indirect fitness costs from behaving selfishly. We investigated shiny cowbird (Molothrus bonariensis) parasitism of a large host, the chalk-browed mockingbird (Mimus saturninus), in a population where over 70 % of the parasitized mockingbird nests receive multiple cowbird eggs. We assessed egg maternity directly, using cameras at nests to film the laying of individually-marked females. We also supplemented video data with evidence from egg morphology, after confirming that each female lays eggs of a consistent appearance. From 133 eggs laid, we found that less than 5 % were followed by the same female visiting the nest to lay again or to puncture eggs. Multiple eggs in mockingbird nests were instead the result of different females, with up to eight individuals parasitizing a single brood. Thus, while cowbird chicks regularly share mockingbird nests with conspecifics, these are unlikely to be their maternal siblings. Our results are consistent with shiny cowbird females following a one-egg-per-nest rule, even where hosts can rear multiple parasitic young.     

Effect on benthic communities of a major input of organic matter and other pollutants (coast off Barcelona,Western Mediterranean)

Benthic communities on soft bottoms off Barcelona, at and around two main pollution sources, the mouth of the Besòs River and the outlet of the submarine pipeline draining wastewater and organic sludges from the wastewater treatment plant of Sant Adrià del Besòs, have been studied. Samples were obtained with a Van Veen grab from 36 stations covering a 100 km² grid, between 10 and 70 m in depth. The effect of both pollution sources is clearly seen both at the species (the following macrofauna groups have been studied: Polychaeta, Mollusca, Echinodermata and Crustacea Decapoda) and community levels. The distribution of species and individuals numbers, species diversity and a pollution index, and of some selected (indicator) polychaeta species, all clearly define the degree of environmental degradation and the extent of the areas under the influence of the organic pollution.     

Multiple receptor ambient monitoring and firm compliance with environmental taxes under budget and target driven regulatory missions

We analyze the potential for an environmental monitoring agency under different regulatory missions to use multiple measures of ambient pollution levels to induce firm compliance via endogenously determined probabilistic firm-level inspections of polluting activities. Departing from previous analyses, we consider a framework where the regulator has multiple, rather than a single, measures of ambient pollution in a setting where many firms are subject to a self-reported emissions tax that is not perfectly enforceable. Under a budget-driven mission, we show that a regulator can fruitfully utilize the added information from multiple ambient monitoring receptors to induce improved environmental compliance through the creation of strategic interactions among firms. Additionally, our results provide new evidence on the relative efficiency of budget- vs. target-driven environmental enforcement missions.     

生活垃圾填埋场地下水污染风险分级方法研究

在综合分析国内外不同行业、不同领域风险分级方法的基础上,初步建立了一种生活垃圾填埋场地下水污染风险分级方法。该方法利用由美国环保局（USEPA）开发的多介质、多路径、多受体风险评价模型（3MRA）中用于描述污染物在地下水迁移的EPACMTP模型和风险评估模型计算生活垃圾填埋场地下水污染风险指数I,利用地下水含水层脆弱性模型（DRASTIC模型）计算地下水含水层脆弱性指数DRASTIC。并以I和DRASTIC为风险分级指标,以MATLAB聚类分析为方法,对生活垃圾填埋场地下水污染风险进行分级。以北京市22个生活垃圾填埋场为例,利用建立的风险分级方法,可将这22个填埋场地下水污染风险从高到低分为4级,并且大部分填埋场属于风险级别较低的3、4级。表明该风险分级方法可行、有效,在一定程度上可以为生活垃圾填埋场地下水污染的风险管理提供依据。     

Occupational exposure to natural radioactivity in a zircon sand milling plant

Raw zirconium sand is one of the substances (naturally occurring radioactive material, NORM) which is widely used in the ceramic industry. This sand contains varying concentrations of natural radionuclides: mostly U-238 but also Th-232 and U-235, together with their daughters, and therefore may need to be regulated by Directive 96/29/EURATOM. This paper describes the method used to perform the radiological study on a zircon sand milling plant and presents the results obtained. Internal and external doses were evaluated using radioactivity readings from sand, airborne dust, intermediate materials and end products. The results on total effective dose show the need for this type of industry to be carefully controlled, since values near to 1 mSv were obtained.