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681.
Valeria Di Cosmo Marie Hyland 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》2015,58(12):2176-2192
We use data from the World Input-Output Database to examine channels through which CO2 emissions are embodied within, and imported into, the European production in 2005 and in 2009. We use an input–output price model to simulate the effect that a rise in the price of emissions trading system (ETS) allowances would have on the final price of goods. We find a reduction in emission intensity, which was greatest in those sectors regulated under ETS. Finally we examine the trade between China and the EU to study possible increases in carbon leakage. Results show that emissions embodied in imported intermediate goods have increased in all sectors. 相似文献
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684.
Orb web spiders sit at the centre of their approximately circular webs when waiting for prey and so face many of the same
challenges as central-place foragers. Prey value decreases with distance from the hub as a function of prey escape time. The
further from the hub that prey are intercepted, the longer it takes a spider to reach them and the greater chance they have
of escaping. Several species of orb web spiders build vertically elongated ladder-like orb webs against tree trunks, rather
than circular orb webs in the open. As ladder web spiders invest disproportionately more web area further from the hub, it
is expected they will experience reduced prey gain per unit area of web investment compared to spiders that build circular
webs. We developed a model to investigate how building webs in the space-limited microhabitat on tree trunks influences the
optimal size, shape and net prey gain of arboricolous ladder webs. The model suggests that as horizontal space becomes more
limited, optimal web shape becomes more elongated, and optimal web area decreases. This change in web geometry results in
decreased net prey gain compared to webs built without space constraints. However, when space is limited, spiders can achieve
higher net prey gain compared to building typical circular webs in the same limited space. Our model shows how spiders optimise
web investment in sub-optimal conditions and can be used to understand foraging investment trade-offs in other central-place
foragers faced with constrained foraging arenas. 相似文献
685.
Russell E. Ingham James K. Detling 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(5):541-548
Abstract Growth, biomass allocation and competition between blue grama plants were examined with and without application of carbofuran, a pesticide which has been used to study insect and nematode effects on primary production. Carbofuran had no apparent effect on total plant growth, biomass allocation, or competition between neighboring plants. 相似文献
686.
Jörn Germer Michael Yongha Boh Marie Schoeffler Philip Amoah 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2010,30(2):185-191
Small scale co-composting of faecal matter from dry toilet systems with shredded plant material and food waste was investigated in respect to heat development and deactivation of faecal indicators under tropical semiarid conditions. Open (uncovered) co-composting of faecal matter with shredded plant material alone did not generate temperatures high enough (<55 °C) to reduce the indicators sufficiently. The addition of food waste and confinement in chambers, built of concrete bricks and wooden boards, improved the composting process significantly. Under these conditions peak temperatures of up to 70 °C were achieved and temperatures above 55 °C were maintained over 2 weeks. This temperature and time is sufficient to comply with international composting regulations. The reduction of Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis and Salmonella senftenberg in test containment systems placed in the core of the compost piles was very efficient, exceeding 5 log10-units in all cases, but recolonisation from the cooler outer layers appeared to interfere with the sanitisation efficiency of the substrate itself. The addition of a stabilisation period by extending the composting process to over 4 months ensured that the load of E. coli was reduced to less than 103 cfu?g and salmonella were undetectable. 相似文献
687.
The effect of nitrogen deposition on the species richness of acid grasslands in Denmark: a comparison with a study performed on a European scale 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Damgaard C Jensen L Frohn LM Borchsenius F Nielsen KE Ejrnæs R Stevens CJ 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2011,159(7):1778-1782
The effect of atmospheric nitrogen deposition on the species richness of acid grasslands was investigated by combining data from a large Danish monitoring program with a large European data set, where a significant non-linear negative effect of nitrogen deposition had been demonstrated (Stevens et al., 2010). The nitrogen deposition range in Denmark is relatively small and when only considering the Danish data a non-significant decrease in the species richness with nitrogen deposition was observed. However, when both data sets were combined, then the conclusion of the European survey was further corroborated by the results of the Danish monitoring. Furthermore, by combining the two data sets a more comprehensive picture of the threats to the biodiversity of acid grasslands emerge; i.e., species richness in remnant patches of acid grassland in intensively cultivated agricultural landscapes is under influence not only from nitrogen deposition, but also from current and historical land use. 相似文献
688.
Bergkvist C Aune M Nilsson I Sandanger TM Hamadani JD Tofail F Oyvind-Odland J Kabir I Vahter M 《Chemosphere》2012,88(7):784-790
In low-income countries, the use of some organochlorine pesticides is still common in order to increase food production. Monitoring the chemical exposure is an important step in risk-reducing strategies. This is the first study to report concentrations of organochlorines in breast milk of women from Bangladesh where farming is the main income source.Organochlorines such as p,p′-DDT, o,p′-DDT, p,p′-DDE, p,p′-DDD (i.e., ∑DDT), HCB, α-, β- and γ-HCH, trans-chlordane, cis-chlordane, oxy-chlordane, trans-nonachlor, cis-nonachlor, mirex and polychlorinated biphenyls (CB 28, 52, 99, 101, 105, 114, 118, 123, 128, 138, 141, 149, 153, 156, 157, 163, 167, 170, 180, 183, 187, 189, 194) were analyzed in breast milk collected in 2002 from 72 first-time mothers (median age 20 years) living in the rural area Matlab, Bangladesh.While the concentrations of PCBs and many of the pesticides were low, the concentrations of p,p′-DDT and its metabolite p,p′-DDE were high (median 349 and 1645 ng g−1 lipid, respectively) in comparison to other countries. The median value of ∑DDT was 2123 ng g−1 lipid. The estimated daily exposure to p,p′-DDT, p,p′-DDE and ∑DDTs was 10, 30 and 42 μg kg−1 body weight, respectively, in 3 months old infants. The p,p′-DDE/p,p′-DDT ratio ranged from 1 to 23, where 58% of the mothers had a ratio below 5 indicating recent or ongoing DDT exposure.This study reports infant exposure and maternal body burden of organochlorines through breast milk. Although the findings give no reason to limit breast-feeding, it is essential to identify the main exposure sources and find means to decrease the exposure. 相似文献
689.
Vladimír Kočí Klára Mocová Marie Kulovaná Simona Vosáhlová 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2010,17(3):611-623
Background, aim, and scope
The purpose of this study was to compare the suitability of different phytotoxicity testing procedures for the evaluation of toxicity associated with both soil contamination and solid wastes, both of which can be of environmental risk to plants. Ten different representative types of contaminated soils and solid waste samples were chosen from the Czech Republic. 相似文献690.
Martina Kopčilová Jitka Hubáčková Jan Růžička Marie Dvořáčková Markéta Julinová Marek Koutný Miroslava Tomalová Pavol Alexy Peter Bugaj Jaroslav Filip 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2013,21(1):88-94
Plastic blend materials consisting of poly(vinyl alcohol), glycerol and xanthan or gellan were prepared through laboratory extrusion. Their base mechanical properties were compared with the properties of poly(vinyl alcohol) foil and their biodegradability in soil, compost and both activated and anaerobic sludge were assessed. In samples with lower polysaccharide content (10–21 %w/w) the tensile strength of 15–20 MPa was found; the elongation at break of all blends was relatively close to the parameter of poly(vinyl alcohol) foil. The biodegradability levels of the blends tested corresponded to the content of natural components, and the mineralization of the samples with the highest carbohydrate proportion (42 %) reached 50–78 %, depending on the type of the environment. Complete biodegradation of all samples occurred in activated sludge. 相似文献