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971.
Brown RJ Kumar Y Brown AS Dexter MA Corns WT 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2012,14(2):657-665
The manual and semi-automatic methods for the measurement of total gaseous mercury in ambient air have been compared in a field trial for the first time. The comparison results have shown that whilst the expected random scatter is present, there was no significant systematic bias between the two methods, whose operational differences have also been outlined and analysed in this work. Furthermore it has been observed that because variation in instrument sensitivity is largely random in nature there is little effect on the results of the comparison if the period between instrument calibrations is altered. When the manual and semi-automatic methods are compared according to guidelines produced by the European Commission the results presented here, taken together with other supporting evidence, strongly suggest that the two methods are equivalent. 相似文献
972.
Sumitra Arora Irani Mukherji Aman Kumar R. K. Tanwar 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2014,186(12):8765-8772
The main aim of the present investigations was to compare the pesticide load in integrated pest management (IPM) with non-IPM crops of rice fields. The harvest samples of Basmati rice grain, soil, and irrigation water, from IPM and non-IPM field trials, at villages in northern India, were analyzed using multi-pesticide residue method. The field experiments were conducted for three consecutive years (2008–2011) for the successful validation of the modules, synthesized for Basmati rice, at these locations. Residues of tricyclazole, propiconazole, hexconazole, lambda cyhalothrin, pretilachlor chlorpyrifos, DDVP, carbendazim, and imidacloprid were analyzed from two locations, Dudhli village of Dehradun, Uttrakhand and Saboli and Aterna village of Sonepat, Haryana. The pesticide residues were observed below detectable limit (BDL) (<0.001–0.05 μg/g) in all 24 samples of rice grains and soil under IPM and non-IPM trials. Residues were below detection level (<0.001–0.05 μg/L) in irrigation water samples (2008–09). Residues of tricyclazole and carbendazim, analyzed from same locations, revealed pesticide residues as BDL (<0.001–0.05 μg/g) in all 40 samples of Basmati rice grains and soil. It was also observed as BDL (<0.001–0.05 μg/L) for 12 water samples (2009–2010). The residues of tricyclazole, propioconazole, chlorpyrifos, hexaconazole, pretilachlor, and λ-cyhalothrin were also found as BDL (<0.001–0.05 μg/g) in 40 samples of Basmati rice grains and soil and 12 water samples (<0.001–0.05 μg/L) (2010–2011). 相似文献
973.
Ch. Jamkhokai Mate Irani Mukherjee Shaon Kumar Das 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2014,186(11):7195-7202
On percolating water equivalent to 1,156 mm of rainfall, spiromesifen formulation did not leach out of 25-cm long columns, and 62.7 % of this was recovered in 5–10-cm soil depth. In columns treated with the analytical grade, 52.40 % of the recovered spiromesifen was confined to 0–5-cm soil depth, with 0.04 % in leachate fraction, suggesting high adsorption in soil. Results revealed that percolating 400 mL of water, residues of enol metabolite of spiromesifen was detected up to 20–25-cm soil layer, with 23.50 % residues of spiromesifen in this layer and 1.73 % in the leachate fraction indicating that metabolite is more mobile as compared to the parent compound. Results suggested a significant reduction in leaching losses of enol metabolite in amended soil columns with 5 % nano clay, farmyard manure (FYM), and vermicompost. No enol spiromesifen was recovered in the leachate in columns amended with nano clay, vermicompost, and FYM; however, 85.30, 70.5, and 65.40 %, respectively, was recovered from 0–5 cm-soil depth of column after percolating water equivalent to 1,156 mm of rainfall. Spiromesifen formulation is less mobile in sandy loam soil than analytical grade spiromesifen. The metabolite, enol spiromesifen, is relatively more mobile than the parent compound and may leach into groundwater. The study suggested that amendments were very effective in reducing the downward mobility of enol metabolite in soil column. Further, it resulted in greater retention of enol metabolite in the amendment application zone. 相似文献
974.
Sankararamakrishnan N Sharma AK Iyengar L 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2008,146(1-3):375-382
Nitrate-N and Fluoride concentrations were analyzed in shallow and unconfined ground water aquifers of Kanpur district along the Ganges Alluvial Plain of Northern India. Kanpur district was divided into three zones namely, Bithore, Kanpur City and Beyond Jajmau and sampling was carried out three seasons (summer, monsoon and winter). The data set consisted of the results of water samples from around 99 India Mark II hand Pumps, which were analyzed for summer monsoon and winter seasons. In Bithore zone, 19% of the samples exceeded the BIS (Bureau of India Standards) limit 10.2 mg/l as nitrate-N and as high as 166 mg/l as nitrate-N was observed. 10% and 7% samples in Kanpur city and beyond Jajmau zone respectively, exceeded the BIS limit. The Frequency distribution histogram of nitrate-N revealed a skewed (non-normal) distribution. Both point and non-point sources contribute to the ground water contamination. Especially in Bithore zone, the point sources could be attributed to the animal wastes derived from cows and buffaloes and non point sources could be due to the extensive agricultural activity prevalent in that area. Fluoride concentration in most samples was within the BIS maximum permissible level of 1.5 mg/l. No significant seasonal variation in water quality parameters was observed. 相似文献
975.
Vinay Kumar Yadav Sahdeo Prasad Devendra K. Patel Altaf Husain Khan Madhu Tripathi Yogeshwer Shukla 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2010,168(1-4):173-178
Inhalation of emissions from petrol and diesel exhaust particulates is associated with potentially severe biological effects. In the present study, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were identified from smokes released by the automobile exhaust from petrol and diesel. Intensive sampling of unleaded petrol and diesel exhaust were done by using 800-cm3 motor car and 3,455-cm3 vehicle, respectively. The particulate phase of exhaust was collected on Whatman filter paper. Particulate matters were extracted from filter paper by using Soxhlet. PAHs were identified from particulate matter by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography using C18 column. A total of 14 PAHs were identified in petrol and 13 in case of diesel sample after comparing to standard samples for PAH estimation. These inhalable PAHs released from diesel and petrol exhaust are known to possess mutagenic and carcinogenic activity, which may present a potential risk for the health of inhabitants. 相似文献
976.
Abhinav Srivastava Vinod P. Sharma Ranu Tripathi Rakesh Kumar Devendra K. Patel Pradeep Kumar Mathur 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2010,168(1-4):397-406
Cadmium and lead are important environmental pollutants with high toxicity to animals and human. Soils, though have considerable metal immobilizing capability, can contaminate food chain via plants grown upon them when their built-up occurs to a large extent. Present experiment was carried out with the objective of quantifying the limits of Pb and Cd loading in soil for the purpose of preventing food chain contamination beyond background concentration levels. Two separate sets of pot experiment were carried out for these two heavy metals with graded levels of application doses of Pb at 0.4–150 mg/kg and Cd at 0.02–20 mg/kg to an acidic light textured alluvial soil. Spinach crop was grown for 50 days on these treated soils after a stabilization period of 2 months. Upper limit of background concentration levels (C ul) of these metals were calculated through statistical approach from the heavy metals concentration values in leaves of spinach crop grown in farmers’ fields. Lead and Cd concentration limits in soil were calculated by dividing C ul with uptake response slope obtained from the pot experiment. Cumulative loading limits (concentration limits in soil minus contents in uncontaminated soil) for the experimental soil were estimated to be 170 kg Pb/ha and 0.8 kg Cd/ha. Based on certain assumptions on application rate and computed cumulative loading limit values, maximum permissible Pb and Cd concentration values in municipal solid waste (MSW) compost were proposed as 170 mg Pb/kg and 0.8 mg Cd/kg, respectively. In view of these limiting values, about 56% and 47% of the MSW compost samples from different cities are found to contain Pb and Cd in the safe range. 相似文献
977.
N. Y. Sreedhar M. Sankara Nayak K. N. Shashi Kumar K. Srinivasa Prasad P. Reddy Prasad 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2010,170(1-4):59-63
A sensitive adsorptive stripping voltammetric method for the determination of simeton with universal buffer solution has been described. The method was based on the adsorption accumulation of simeton at a hanging mercury drop electrode. The overall reduction process is under controlled diffusion. The adsorptive peak was observed at ?0.8 V vs SCE in acidic solution 2 < pH < 6. The peak response was characterized with respect to pH, accumulation potential, time, and scan rate. The calibration plot was found to be linear from 1.13 × 10???5 to 3.5 × 10???8 M with a limit of detection of 2.0 × 10???8 M. Finally, the method has been applied for the determination of simeton in its formulations and vegetable samples. 相似文献
978.
979.
Satyavan Singh Arti Bhatia Ritu Tomer Vinod Kumar B. Singh S. D. Singh 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2013,185(8):6517-6529
Field experiments were conducted in open top chamber during rabi seasons of 2009–10 and 2010–11 at the research farm of the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi to study the effect of tropospheric ozone (O3) and carbon dioxide (CO2) interaction on yield and nutritional quality of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea (L.) Czern.). Mustard plants were grown from emergence to maturity under different treatments: charcoal-filtered air (CF, 80–85 % less O3 than ambient O3 and ambient CO2), nonfiltered air (NF, 5–10 % less O3 than ambient O3 and ambient CO2 ), nonfiltered air with elevated carbon dioxide (NF?+?CO2, NF air and 550?±?50 ppm CO2), elevated ozone (EO, NF air and 25–35 ppb elevated O3), elevated ozone along with elevated carbon dioxide (EO?+?CO2, NF air, 25–35 ppb O3 and 550?±?50 ppm CO2), and ambient chamber less control (AC, ambient O3 and CO2). Elevated O3 exposure led to reduced photosynthesis and leaf area index resulting in decreased seed yield of mustard. Elevated ozone significantly decreased the oil and micronutrient content in mustard. Thirteen to 17 ppm hour O3 exposure (accumulated over threshold of 40 ppm, AOT 40) reduced the oil content by 18–20 %. Elevated CO2 (500?±?50 ppm) along with EO was able to counter the decline in oil content in the seed, and it increased by 11 to 13 % over EO alone. Elevated CO2, however, decreased protein, calcium, zinc, iron, magnesium, and sulfur content in seed as compared to the nonfiltered control, whereas removal of O3 from air in the charcoal-filtered treatment resulted in a significant increase in the same. 相似文献
980.
A. K. Chopra Sachin Srivastava Vinod Kumar Chakresh Pathak 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2013,185(8):6635-6644
The present study showed that irrigation of soil with different effluent concentrations (10, 25, 50, 75, and 100 %) of distillery effluent (DE) for 60 days resulted in significant (P?<?0.001) changes in moisture content; electrical conductivity (EC), pH, chlorides (Cl?), total organic carbon (TOC), exchangeable sodium (Na+), available potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), iron (Fe2+), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), available phosphorus (P), and sulfate (SO4 2?) of soil. The non-significant (P?>?0.05) changes were observed for water-holding capacity and bulk density of the soil. Among various concentrations of DE irrigation, irrigation with 100 % effluent concentration increased moisture content, (24.85 %), EC (77.88 %), Cl? (285.95 %), TOC (3,171.42 %), exchangeable Na+ (241.04 %), available K+ (52.49 %), Ca2+ (990.37 %), Mg2+ (1,751.72 %), TKN (1,417.00 %), available P (305.00 %), and SO4 2? (75.32 %) in the soil and decreased pH (?20.22 %). The more stimulation in agronomical parameters such as shoot length, root length, number of leaves, flowers, pods, dry weight, fresh weight, chlorophyll content, leaf area index, and crop yield of A. esculentus were observed to be inversely proportional to the concentration of effluent water, with the best results being obtained at a dilution of 25 % of DE concentration. 相似文献