广西大厂矿区土壤-植物系统中Sb、As的迁移转化特征

以广西大厂多金属矿区为例,选择了3个典型矿渣堆,对其中的土壤和植物进行样品采集,分析了土壤与植物样品中Sb、As含量的分布特征,并对土壤样品进行水溶态浸提实验.结果表明,矿山活动作为环境中Sb、As的一个重要来源,已经对矿区及其周边环境形成威胁.土壤pH值对Sb、As的活动性具有很大影响,pH值越高,土壤中Sb、As的活动性越高.相比之下,Sb比As的活动性更强.Sb、As在矿区土壤-植物体系的分布特征表明,蜈蚣草对Sb、As均具有一定的吸收能力,其吸收能力均表现为:根叶茎,但Sb从植物地下部向地上部转运的能力较As弱.     

一种面向材料回收和元器件再利用的WEEE回收技术

文章以废旧电脑为例介绍了自主开发的一种面向材料回收和元器件再利用的废旧电子电器产品(WEEE)的回收与再利用技术,详细讨论了该技术的四个关键单元:阴极射线管(CRT)回收,电路板拆解,印刷线路板(PCB)回收和元器件可再利用性测试。该技术通过环境友好的材料回收工艺和电路板的自动化无损拆解可实现最大的材料和元器件回收率,从而实现较高的WEEE回收收益。     

纳米二氧化钛/针铁矿的制备及其光催化性能的研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法,以钛酸丁酯为原料制备纳米级二氧化钛,将其负栽于采用化学沉淀法以九水硝酸铁为原料制备的针铁矿上,对复合材料进行透射电镜分析,确定了制备的最佳影响因素,将2种溶胶进行复合提膜,研究其光催化效率.     

北京城区道路灰尘重金属和多环芳烃污染状况探析

研究了北京市不同功能区道路灰尘中重金属Cd、Hg、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn和16种多环芳烃(PAHs)的分布状况和污染水平.结果表明,北京市道路灰尘中重金属Cd、Hg、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn的浓度的平均值分别为710 ng/g、307 ng/g、85.0μg/g、78.3μg/g、41.1μg/g、69.6μg/g和248.5μg/g,显著低于世界上已有调研的大多数城市和国内的沈阳市和上海市;道路灰尘中∑16PAHs的浓度的平均值为0.398μg/g,也大大低于国内已有调研的邯郸市、天津市和上海市.弗里德曼非参数检验表明各功能区道路灰尘中重金属含量存在显著差异:居民居住区和绿化区域道路灰尘上重金属和PAHs的吸附量较小,而在机动车密度较大,车辆行驶较慢的城市交通区的道路灰尘上重金属和PAHs的污染都较严重.道路灰尘重金属浓度ZnCrCuPbNiCdHg,这种污染状况与世界其他各大城市是一致的.地积累指数评价法表明北京市道路灰尘上Cd、Zn和Cu处于中度污染水平,Cr和Pb处于轻度污染水平,Ni处于无实际污染水平.∑16PAHs的污染水平在不同功能区的差异比较大:公园道路灰尘为无污染至轻度污染水平,居民区道路灰尘处于中度至严重污染水平,交通密集区PAHs处于严重污染至极度污染水平.重金属和PAHs的质量负荷主要集中在粒径300μm的道路灰尘上,因此城市清扫车在去除地表颗粒物时不仅应当关注小尺度的颗粒物,应该通过升级除尘装备,尽量去除300μm以下的道路灰尘.     

耐盐菌GTY对偶氮染料活性艳红X-3B的脱色研究

为了选择耐盐菌GTY对偶氮染料活性艳红X-3B的最佳脱色条件,研究了不同环境条件对脱色效果的影响,结果表明耐盐菌GTY对偶氮染料活性艳红X-3B有较好的脱色效果,能够适应较宽范围的pH值以及污染物负荷,当pH值在7～9之间,活性艳红X-3B初始浓度在600mg/L以下,GTY菌液生长期在对数末期时脱色效果达到最佳状态,24h脱色率能达到90%左右。同时考察了GTY的不同初始接菌量对活性艳红X-3B脱色的影响,结果发现高的初始接菌量可以提高脱色速率,但是一定时间后,初始接菌量对最终脱色效果并无太大影响,兼顾节约成本和脱色效果选择最佳初始接菌量为5%。     

Effects of repeated applications of fungicide carbendazim on its persistence and microbial community in soil

Carbendazim, a systemic benzimidazole fungicide, is applied repeatedly to control of plant diseases including soilborne diseases, over a growing season. Studies were carried out under laboratory conditions to assess the effects of repeated carbendazim applications on its persistence and microbial community in soil. The results indicate that dissipation of carbendazim in soil was accelerated with its application frequency. The degradation rate constant of carbendazim was increased significantly from 0.074 d-1 to 0.79 d-1. The corresponding half-life was shorten markedly from 9.3 d to 0.9 d after four repeated applications. No significant inhibitory effect of carbendazim on soil microbial utilization of the carbon sources was observed after first treatment, but a slight increase in average well color development (AWCD) was shown after second, third, and fourth applications. It suggested that soil microorganisms become adapted to carbendazim after repeated application. Simpson and Shannon indexes of soil microbial community from carbendazim treated soil were also similar to those from the control soil, indicating that the richness and dominant character of soil microorganisms remain unchangeable after repeated application. However, after first, second, and third addition of carbendazim, McIntosh indexes on day 21 were significantly increased as compared with the control, suggesting that balance of soil microorganisms was altered due to the enrichment of the specific carbendazim-adapting strains in soil.     

Heavy metal accumulation by panicled goldenrain tree （Koelreuteria paniculata） and common elaeocarpus （Elaeocarpus decipens） in abandoned mine soils in southern China

Phytoremediation can be used as a sustainable technology for mine spoil remediation to remove heavy metals. This study investigated the concentration of 7 heavy metal contamination in soil and plant samples at an abandoned mine site. We found that, after vegetation remediation at the abandoned mine site, the reduction rates for 7 heavy metals were in the range of 4.2%–86%, where reduction rates over 50% were achieved for four heavy metals (Zn, Mn, Cd, Ni). Transfer coe cients of the panicled goldenrain tree (Koelreuteria paniculata Laxm) and the common elaeocarpus (Elaeocarpus decipens) for Zn, Mn, Ni, and Co were more than 1. Enrichment coe cients of both trees for Mn were higher than 1. Our results suggest that the panicled goldenrain tree and the common elaeocarpus tree may act as accumulators in remediation. Moreover, the woody vegetation remediation in abandoned mining areas play an important role in improving scenery besides removing heavy metal from contaminated soil.     

30CrMnSiA高强钢在北京地区的大气腐蚀研究

利用失重分析、形貌观察、断面分析和电化学交流阻抗谱等研究了30CrMnSiA高强钢在北京地区大气腐蚀的动力学规律和腐蚀特征。结果表明,30CrMnSiA高强钢在北京的大气腐蚀速率经历了腐蚀初期由快到慢和腐蚀3 a后由慢到快的过程。在大气暴露1,2,3,5 a的30CrMnSiA样品中,暴露3 a的样品锈层最致密,对侵蚀性离子的阻挡作用最强,相应腐蚀速率最低;30CrMnSiA高强钢在大气腐蚀的锈层既可以生长得非常致密,也可因为过厚产生内应力,从而导致锈层破裂;3 a后,30CrMnSiA样品锈层的开裂加速了腐蚀。     

水合氧化铁对废水中磷酸根的吸附-解吸性能研究

以FeCl₃为原料制备水合氧化铁吸附剂,研究其对废水中磷酸根的吸附-解吸性能.结果表明,随着溶液pH的降低,水合氧化铁对磷酸根的吸附能力不断提高,其吸附动力学曲线符合二级动力学模型,吸附等温线符合Langmuir吸附模型.被吸附的磷酸根在50 g/L的NaOH溶液中进行解吸,解吸率>98%.解吸率与单位水合氧化铁的吸附饱和程度没有相关性.利用水合氧化铁对城市某污水处理厂污泥浓缩池上清液进行磷的吸附和解吸实验,结果表明该工艺对磷的回收率>90%.根据实验结果设计了城市污水中磷去除和回收工艺流程,该流程包括：吸附过程、解吸再生过程、富磷解吸液中磷回收等过程.     

矿化垃圾中氧化甲烷兼性营养菌的筛选与生物特性研究

从填埋了10 a的矿化垃圾中分离得到1株能以甲烷为碳源和能源生长的菌株DH,经NCBI比对发现,该菌株的16S rDNA序列与微杆菌(Microbacterium sp.)3个菌株的同源性在99%以上.目前该菌株已经在中国典型培养物保藏中心申请了专利保藏,保藏号为M2010099.微杆菌DH具有极强的温度耐受性,最佳培养pH为6.5,以甲烷为碳源可实现高密度生长,菌液D560 nm值可达到1.1～1.2.微杆菌DH对甘露糖、果糖和葡萄糖3种单糖以及蔗糖和乳糖2种双糖的利用效果较好.当以蔗糖和甘露糖为碳源时,菌液D560 nm值分别达到了0.758和0.742.与对照组相比,喷洒DH菌液可以提高矿化垃圾的甲烷氧化率1倍以上.微杆菌DH的发现克服了专一营养甲烷氧化菌难于扩大培养、活性低等工程应用问题,为该类细菌在实际工程应用提供了生物学基础.