白洋淀几种不同食性鱼类对六六六、DDT的富集

对白洋淀几种不同食性鱼体内六六六和ＤＤＴ残留量分析表明，草食性鱼体内农药残留量最少，六六六含量为５９．３μｇ／ｋｇ，ＤＤＴ含量为２９．６μｇ／ｋｇ；其次是杂食性鱼类，六六六含量为９０．４μｇ／ｋｇ，ＤＤＴ含量为１０８．５μｇ／ｋｇ；肉食性鱼体内农药残留量最高，六六六含量为１１０．７μｇ／ｋｇ，ＤＤＴ含量为１２４．４μｇ／ｋｇ。鱼体对ＤＤＴ的浓缩因子为３１１～１２４４，明显高于六六六的１７７～３６８。鱼体内ＢＨＣ４种异构体的残留顺序为δ＞α＞γ＞β，与其在水体中的比例α＞γ＞δ＞β略有不同。鱼体内ＤＤＴ主要以代谢物ｐ，ｐ＇－ＤＤＥ的形式存在，但个别样品中少量的ｐ，ｐ＇－ＤＤＤ及ｏ，ｐ＇－ＤＤＴ的检出，表明白洋淀水生生态系统最近受到ＤＤＴ的轻度污染。本项研果与１９７５～１９７７年检测结果进行比较；白洋淀鱼体内六六六残留量显著下降，下降率为１５．８％～７９．２％；ＤＤＴ残留量却明显增加（草食性鱼类除外），增加率约为４７．８％～９７．８％。     

中国淘汰滴滴涕的环境影响分析

目前中国仍在生产滴滴涕(DDT),并以其为原料生产三氯杀螨醇作为杀虫剂使用.为评价淘汰DDT对于中国生态环境的影响,采用情景分析的方法,估算了在采取不同的淘汰策略下土壤中DDT残留浓度的变化,以此来评价淘汰DDT的环境影响.与基线情景相比,三种控制情景下DDT的累积生产量都有不同程度的减少,相应土壤中的残留浓度也有不同的下降,且淘汰的速度越快土壤中DDT浓度下降的幅度越大.     

白洋淀水生食物链BHC、DDT生物浓缩分析

为了评价ＢＨＣ和ＤＤＴ在水生食物链的生物累积放大效应,对白洋淀地区端村水域生态系统水生生物对六六六、ＤＤＴ的富集沿食物生物营养等级而递增的规律性较强（当年生鲫鱼例外）,水体,底泥水生维管束植物,浮游动物、底栖动物,当年生鲫鱼及２龄乌鳢体内六六六残留量分别为：０．３μｇ／Ｌ,０．７μｇ／ｋｇ,１９．０μｇ／ｋｇ,３０．０μｇ／ｋｇ,６０．９μｇ／ｋｇ,１７．２μｇ／ｋｇ、１１０．７μｇ／ｋｇ,ＤＤＴ     

生态县评价体系及持续发展战略的研究

在生态县规划研究中,以复合生态系统理论为指南,探讨了生态县的内涵和评价标体系,并确定了以生态农业为基础,以生态型工业为主导,以社会调控为保障,依靠科技进步,寓环境建设于经济社会发展之中的建设生态县的战略,在近年实践中初见成效。     

不同光照时间对杏鲍菇生长发育的影响

为探究光照时间对杏鲍菇生长发育的影响,设置蓝、白两种光质,每种光质下设置5种不同光照时间处理进行栽培试验,并测定每个处理下杏鲍菇原基形成与分化速度、菇蕾与子实体形态、产量及可溶性蛋白质与总糖含量.结果显示,原基形成速度随光照时间增加呈现先增加后降低的趋势,蓝光下以15 min光照15 min黑暗时间处理下原基形成速度最快,白光下以10 min光照20 min黑暗时间处理下原基形成速度最快;原基分化速度随光照时间增加而增加,蓝、白光下均以30 min光照1 s黑暗时间处理下原基分化速度最快;菇蕾与子实体菌盖直径随光照时间增加有逐渐增大的趋势;子实体菌柄长度随光照时间增加有逐渐缩短的趋势;子实体产量以1 min光照29 min黑暗与5 min光照25 min时间处理下较高;可溶性蛋白质含量以1 min光照29 min黑暗、5 min光照25 min黑暗时间处理下含量较高;总糖含量在不同光照时间处理间差异较小.本研究表明工厂化杏鲍菇栽培过程中,在原基形成与分化阶段宜选用较长时间光照以加速原基形成与分化从而缩短生产周期;子实体生长阶段采用较少光照时间即1 min光照29 min黑暗有利于增加产量;同时可根据子实体生长状态来适当调控光照时间,以生产出适应于市场需求的产品.(图4表9参25)     

不同土地利用方式下的地表径流磷输出及其季节性分布特征

在太湖流域利用为期3年的田间试验研究了不同土地利用方式下的土壤侵蚀和径流磷流失特征.结果表明,径流量和土壤侵蚀量都是竹园<板栗园<蔬菜地<玉米-油菜轮作.旱耕地上玉米-油菜轮作和蔬菜种植条件下磷的主要流失途径为泥沙搬运,磷的年均流失量分别为2.67kg.hm-2和2.79kg.hm-2,而竹园和板栗园则分别只有0.28kg.hm-2和0.66kg.hm-2.土壤侵蚀和磷流失主要发生在6~8月降雨集中分布的梅雨和台风季节.旱地上板栗园与玉米-油菜轮作2种利用方式的经济收益接近,但前者土壤侵蚀和磷流失量分别只有后者的6.7%和24.7%,在太湖地区种植板栗是值得鼓励的土地利用方式.稻田水旱(水稻-油菜)轮作条件下,磷主要随农田排水流失,降雨时间和施肥等农事活动的间隔长短在很大程度上决定了磷的年流失量,3次最大的流失事件中磷的流失量可达到全年磷流失的70%以上.稻田水旱轮作方式磷的年均流失量为0.93kg.hm-2,分别只有旱地玉米-油菜轮作和蔬菜地的34.8%和33.3%.因此,根据不同土地利用方式下磷输出量的差异及其季节分布特征合理调整土地利用格局,并在暴雨集中期尽量减少施肥和翻耕等农事活动,可以降低农田生态系统磷的输出.     

Study of the pyrolysis of ionic liquid [Bmim]Cl-pretreated mango pit at low temperature

Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - In the present work, mango pit was used to study the feasibility of converting ionic liquid-pretreated biomass into biofuel and activated biochar...     

Nitrogen- vs. phosphorus-based dairy manure applications to field crops: nitrate and phosphorus leaching and soil phosphorus accumulation

Management of animal manures to provide nutrients for crop growth has generally been based on crop N needs. However, because manures have a lower N/P ratio than most harvested crops, N-based manure management often oversupplies the crop-soil system with P, which can be lost into the environment and contribute to eutrophication of water bodies. We examined the effects of N- vs. P-based manure applications on N and P uptake by alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), corn (Zea mays L.) for silage, and orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), leaching below the root zone, and accumulation of P in soil. Treatments included N- and P-based manure rates, with no nutrient input controls and inorganically fertilized plots for comparison. Nitrate concentrations in leachate from inorganic fertilizer or manure treatments averaged 14 mg NO(3)-N L(-1), and did not differ by nutrient treatment. Average annual total P losses in leachate did not exceed 1 kg ha(-1). In the top 5 cm of soil in plots receiving the N-based manure treatment, soil test P increased by 47%, from 85 to 125 mg kg(-1). Nitrogen- and P-based manure applications did not differ in ability to supply nutrients for crop growth, or in losses of nitrate and total P in leachate. However, the N-based manure led to significantly greater accumulation of soil test P in the surface 5 cm of soil. Surface soil P accumulation has implications for increased risk of off-field P movement.     

Effect of Soybean Cultivation on Soil Collembola Community in Marshland of Sanjiang Plain,China

The Sanjiang Plain, the largest inland freshwater marshland in China, was extensive reclaimed into agricultural land. To assess the effects of marshland reclamation on Collembola, we investigated collembolan communities in a chronosequence of soybean plantations (2, 15, and 25 years) in Sanjiang marshland, Northeastern China. We found that: 1) the densities and species richness of Collembola were promoted after short-term (2 years) cultivation of soybean, but significantly decreased after medium-term cultivation (15 years); 2) the densities of epi-edaphic Collembola increased while the densities of hemi-edaphic Collembola decreased as the elongation of soybean cultivation; 3) compared with S0, two species of Collembola appeared while five species disappeared in S25. The changes of plant communities and the soil traits were supposed to be the key factors affecting the composition of soil Collembola. We thus suggest that original marshland should be saved for preserving high diversity and densities of Collembola in the Sanjiang Plain.

     

优化的甘蔗皮渣吸附居室甲醛

为了研究优化后的甘蔗皮渣吸附居室中的甲醛,本研究通过3种方法处理材料进行吸附甲醛对比,得出简便高效的碱热烫处理,并针对其热烫时间(X1)、pH值(X2)、水浴锅温度(X3)和水浴时间(X4)设置正交实验,得出热烫时间30 min、pH=11、水浴锅温度80℃、水浴时间2.5 h,甘蔗皮渣对甲醛吸附率可达27.91%。通过与活性炭、硅藻纯吸附效果比较,经F检验得出优化处理甘蔗皮渣与硅藻纯吸附效果相当,均极显著优于活性炭。电镜观测出优化甘蔗皮渣与活性炭、硅藻纯同具粗糙、皱褶、疏松多孔结构;傅里叶红外光谱分析出C≡C等基团在甲醛吸附中起主要作用。