Journal of Polymers and the Environment - With the advantages of excellent processability and biodegradability, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) becomes an environmentally friendly and biocompatible... 相似文献
应用大型底栖动物生物完整性指数(Benthic Index of Biological Integrity, B-IBI)评价河流健康已成为河流生态系统管理的重要方法。根据2010年5月对浑河流域62个采样点的底栖动物调查数据,基于采样点的水质等级、栖息地质量综合评估指数、人类干扰强度和河岸土地利用评估等标准,选择同属于辽河水系的太子河流域的8个采样点作为参照点,构建浑河流域B-IBI生物完整性指数。通过对34个生物参数的分布范围检验、判别能力分析以及相关性检验,最终确定浑河流域B-IBI生物完整性指数由总分类单元数、EPT(蜉蝣目Ephemeroptera、襀翅目Plecoptera、毛翅目Trichoptera)相对丰度、耐污类群相对丰度、最优势类群分类单元数、直接收集者相对丰度以及香农威纳多样性指数6个参数构成。根据各参数值随干扰增强的变化趋势,采用比值法计算各指标的分值和评价标准。结果表明:浑河流域B-IBI平均得分为2.56,河流健康状态处于一般状态;62个采样点中,9个处于健康状态,13个处于亚健康状态、22个处于一般状态、10个处于差状态,8个处于极差状态;从流域空间尺度上来看,河流健康状态从上游区到下游区逐渐变差。相关性分析表明,B-IBI与水温、电导、溶解性固体总量、硝酸盐、总氮、五日生化需氧量等水环境指标呈现显著负相关,表明B-IBI指数对于水质污染具有较好的指示性作用。综上所述,浑河流域由于受城市工业区的分布影响,大型底栖动物生物完整性呈现出明显的空间分布差异,上游区河流生物完整性较好、中下游底栖动物群落呈现出明显的退化趋势。 相似文献
Changzhou is a typical waterside municipality with approximately 2,500 years of history located south of the Yangtze River.
It was an agriculturally oriented region but is becoming an industrialized region. Rural green landscaping in this region
possesses characteristics of traditional Chinese gardens. This paper presents a methodology for assessing the visual quality
of green landscaping in rural residential areas through public perception-based and expert/design approaches. The former approach
enables us to rank green landscaping based on a survey of public preference; the latter weighs the contributions of the attributes
contained in a photograph to its overall scenic beauty via correlation, regression, and factor analyses. The photographs used
in the survey included road greenways, riparian greenways, residential public gardens and green landscaping around houses,
with each type of landscape represented by seven photographs. In total, 141 college students and 41 other participants ranked
photographs of each landscaping type from highest to lowest preference. The results indicate that the preferences of students
are similar to those of the general public. Examples of green landscaping depicted in the “best” four photographs possessed
more attractive qualities regarding the variety of vegetation, richness of colors and a selection of human additions compared
to those depicted in the “worst” photographs. The perceived visual quality was positively influenced by, in decreasing order
of importance, the variety of vegetation, color contrast, the openness of green spaces, the area of vegetation, and positive
man-made elements; conversely, it was negatively influenced by the type of topography. Moreover, some suggestions were offered
for future rural greening regarding perceived visual beauty. 相似文献
While researchers are aware that a mix of Local Ecological Knowledge (LEK), community-based resource management institutions, and higher-level institutions and policies can facilitate pastoralists' adaptation to climate change, policy makers have been slow to understand these linkages. Two critical issues are to what extent these factors play a role, and how to enhance local adaptation through government support. We investigated these issues through a case study of two pastoral communities on the Tibetan Plateau in China employing an analytical framework to understand local climate adaptation processes. We concluded that LEK and community-based institutions improve adaptation outcomes for Tibetan pastoralists through shaping and mobilizing resource availability to reduce risks. Higher-level institutions and policies contribute by providing resources from outside communities. There are dynamic interrelationships among these factors that can lead to support, conflict, and fragmentation. Government policy could enhance local adaptation through improvement of supportive relationships among these factors. While central government policies allow only limited room for overt integration of local knowledge/institutions, local governments often have some flexibility to buffer conflicts. In addition, government policies to support market-based economic development have greatly benefited adaptation outcomes for pastoralists. Overall, in China, there are still questions over how to create innovative institutions that blend LEK and community-based institutions with government policy making. 相似文献
Objective: Operating speed is a critical indicator to evaluate consistency of road alignment and safety. Although extensive studies have been conducted on developing operating speed models, few researchers have considered the interactive influence of horizontal and vertical alignment in 3D space. The purpose of this study is to develop a speed model based on 3D alignment in Euclidean space rather than traditional horizontal and vertical alignment.
Methods: According to the curve theory of differential geometry, a novel method to estimate operating speed is proposed in our study using 3D space curvature instead of traditional horizontal or vertical parameters to describe the spatial geometric properties for a freeway alignment. Speeds of 54 different alignment segments are observed to develop the speed model. Several observing sites of each segment are selected beforehand, and the speeds of more than 300 vehicles in each site are observed. Space curvature is used as an important index to estimate operating speed.
Results: The findings of this study indicated that both horizontal alignment and vertical alignment contribute to space curvature. Space curvature mainly affects direction control operating performance. However, vehicles overcome the effects of gravity along the vertical alignment in the z direction. Results indicate that operating speed exponentially declines with space curvature and that quadratic parabola decline with vertical grade.
Conclusions: It can be concluded that there is a clear correlation between velocity and spatial curvature, which is proved by variance analysis. The estimation results of the speed models are reliable as tested using a real engineering example. The study would provide a scientific basis for safety evaluation of freeway alignment. 相似文献