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71.
H. Resit Akçakaya Ana S. L. Rodrigues David A. Keith E. J. Milner-Gulland Eric W. Sanderson Simon Hedges David P. Mallon Molly K. Grace Barney Long Erik Meijaard P. J. Stephenson 《Conservation biology》2020,34(3):561-571
Species interactions matter to conservation. Setting an ambitious recovery target for a species requires considering the size, density, and demographic structure of its populations such that they fulfill the interactions, roles, and functions of the species in the ecosystems in which they are embedded. A recently proposed framework for an International Union for Conservation of Nature Green List of Species formalizes this requirement by defining a fully recovered species in terms of representation, viability, and functionality. Defining and quantifying ecological function from the viewpoint of species recovery is challenging in concept and application, but also an opportunity to insert ecological theory into conservation practice. We propose 2 complementary approaches to assessing a species’ ecological functions: confirmation (listing interactions of the species, identifying ecological processes and other species involved in these interactions, and quantifying the extent to which the species contributes to the identified ecological process) and elimination (inferring functionality by ruling out symptoms of reduced functionality, analogous to the red-list approach that focuses on symptoms of reduced viability). Despite the challenges, incorporation of functionality into species recovery planning is possible in most cases and it is essential to a conservation vision that goes beyond preventing extinctions and aims to restore a species to levels beyond what is required for its viability. This vision focuses on conservation and recovery at the species level and sees species as embedded in ecosystems, influencing and being influenced by the processes in those ecosystems. Thus, it connects and integrates conservation at the species and ecosystem levels. 相似文献
72.
Claudia M. Aguilar Jorge Vazquez-Arenas Omar O. Castillo-Araiza Julia L. Rodrguez Isaac Chairez Eric Salinas Tatiana Poznyak 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2020,27(18):22184-22194
The carbamazepine (CBZ) abatement is herein evaluated using catalytic ozonation at different NiO concentrations as catalyst: 100, 300, and 500 mg 相似文献
73.
74.
Sardine (Sardina pilchardus) spawning seasonality in European waters of the northeast Atlantic 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Yorgos Stratoudakis Stephen Coombs Ana Lago de Lanzós Nicholas Halliday Gersom Costas Bruno Caneco Concha Franco David Conway M. Begoña Santos Alexandra Silva Miguel Bernal 《Marine Biology》2007,152(1):201-212
Egg data from ichthyoplankton monitoring sites in the western English Channel (1988–2003) and northern Spain (1990–2000) and
macroscopic maturity data from biological samples of purse seine landings in western and southern Iberia (1980–2004) are used
to describe the spawning seasonality of sardine (Sardina pilchardus) in European waters of the northeast Atlantic using generalised additive models. The fitted models reveal a double peak in
spawning activity during early summer and autumn in the western Channel, a wider spring peak off northern Spain and a broad
winter season in the western and southern Iberian Peninsula. At all sites, a high probability of spawning activity was observed
over at least 3 months of the year, with the duration of the season increasing with both decreasing latitude and increasing
fish size. Off western and southern Iberia there are indications that the spawning season has been of longer duration in recent
years for all size classes (reaching in some cases 8 months of the year for large fish). These patterns are in general agreement
with existing literature and theoretical expectations of sardine spawning being driven locally by the seasonal cycle of water
temperature, assuming preferences for spawning at 14 –15°C and avoidance for temperatures below 12°C and above 16°C. Regional
quotient plots indicated that spawning tolerance to higher temperatures increases progressively with decreasing latitude.
Despite the weak evidence for geographical differences in temperature tolerance that may have some genetic origin, the degree
of spatio-temporal overlap in sardine-spawning activity within Atlantic European waters is unlikely to promote any reproductive
isolation in that area. 相似文献
75.
Many mammals warn conspecifics with alarm calls about detected predators. These alarm calls are either functionally referential,
urgency based, or they can have multiple functions, including predator deterrence. The taxonomic distribution of these alarm
call systems is uneven, with primates providing the best-known examples for a functionally referential system and rodents
most examples of an urgency-based system. Reports of different alarm call systems in lemurid primates prompted us to examine
the anti-predator behavior of two additional lemur species. In an experimental field study we exposed adult redfronted lemurs
(Eulemur fulvus rufus) and white sifakas (Propithecus verreauxi verreauxi) to playbacks of vocalizations of their main aerial and terrestrial predators, as well as to their own alarm calls given
in response to the presentation of these predators. We scored the subjects' immediate behavioral responses, including alarm
calls, from video recordings made during the first minute following a playback. We found that both species gave specific alarm
calls only in response to raptor playbacks and the corresponding alarm calls, whereas calls given in response to carnivores
and the corresponding alarm calls were also observed in other situations characterized by high arousal. Other behavioral responses,
such as gaze and escape directions, corresponded to the hunting strategies of the two predator classes, suggesting that the
corresponding vocalizations were categorized correctly. These two lemur species, which represent different families, have
therefore independently evolved a mixed alarm call system, characterized by functionally referential calls for diurnal raptors,
but not for carnivores. Electronic supplementary material to this paper can be obtained by using the Springer LINK server
located at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00265-001-0436-0
Electronic Publication 相似文献
76.
Samuel R. Scholes Ana B. Sendova-Franks S. Tim Swift Chris Melhuish 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2006,59(4):531-540
A fundamental issue of collective intelligence is whether the collective pattern or process is based on environmental information
that explicitly codes for it or arises through self-organization of the individuals. Sometimes, these alternatives occur together.
Adaptive systems may also be capable of utilizing different types of mechanism under different conditions. Sendova-Franks
et al. (Anim Behav 68:1095–1106, 2004) demonstrated evidence for a self-organization mechanism of brood sorting in the ant
Temnothorax albipennis, where the brood are sorted in a series of bands or concentric annuli that increase in size with distance from the colony
centre. The work by Cox and Blanchard (J Theor Biol 204:223-238, 2000) suggests an alternative or complementary mechanism
whereby the brood pattern is specified by the template of a CO2 gradient. Here, we test for a gaseous template as a necessary condition for brood sorting. Under the experimental condition,
we pumped the air out of the nest continuously to prevent the accumulation of any gaseous substances. We compared the brood
pattern between the experimental and control conditions according to four characteristics: mean distance from centre, mean
nearest-neighbour distance, shape and area. Under the experimental condition, the order of brood types according to the first
two characteristics was the same as in the control. The area of the brood pattern was smaller, and its shape elongated under
the experimental condition. As expected on the basis of these differences, mean distance from centre was greater and mean
nearest-neighbour distance was smaller under the experimental condition (although not statistically significantly) and by
the expected amount. We found evidence that ants avoid placing brood in the strongest airflow stream. This could explain the
reduced area and elongated shape of the brood pattern under the experimental condition. We conclude that a gaseous template
is not a necessary condition for brood sorting.
Electronic supplementary material Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at and is accessible for authorized users. 相似文献
77.
András Bardossy Arne Färber Steffen Schönau Bernhard Westrich Thomas Jancke Gerhard Schmid Sven Wurms Karl Stahr Thomas Gaiser Harald Frauenknecht Thilo Streck Joachim Ingwersen Claudia Kreschnak Ulrich Kern Hilke Heppelmann Ekkehard Christoffels Ulrich Förstner Patrick Jacobs 《Environmental Sciences Europe》2006,18(1):67-69
78.
Tina?NilssonEmail author Claudia?Fricke G?ran?Arnqvist 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2003,53(4):227-233
The number of eggs fertilized by a male at any given copulation (fertilization success) is affected by a large number of factors. Male insemination and sperm competition success and various female structures and/or processes that bias paternity in favor of some males over others (cryptic female choice) are all likely to affect fertilization success. We suggest that more comprehensive measures of male fertilization success can increase our understanding of postcopulatory sexual selection. To improve our understanding of the importance of various sources of variance in male fertilization success, we conducted a series of experiments using flour beetles. Different wild-type strains were used in reciprocal double mating experiments, against a phenotypic marker strain. We assessed the relative effects of female genotype, male genotype and mating order on independent and inclusive measures of male defense ability ( P 1), male offense ability ( P 2), and female remating behavior. Female genotype influenced both P 1 and P 2, and male genotype interacted strongly with female genotype in its effect on P 2. We also documented an interaction between female and male genotypes in the effects of mating on female remating behavior, such that females tended to remate most rapidly when mated to males of their own genotype. It is clear from our experiments that cryptic female choice influences the pattern of fertilization success in flour beetles, and we suggest that cryptic female choice may often be an important component of postcopulatory sexual selection. Future investigations would benefit from studying the multiple components of variance in male fertilization success. 相似文献
79.
Sanja Papi? Natalija Koprivanac Ana Loncari? Bozi? Dinko Vujevi? Savka Kusar Dragicevi? Hrvoje Kusi? Igor Peternel 《Water environment research》2006,78(6):572-579
The chemical degradation of synthetic azo dyes color index (C.I.) Acid Orange 7, C.I. Direct Orange 39, and C.I. Mordant Yellow 10 has been studied by the following advanced oxidation processes: Fenton, Fenton-like, ozonation, peroxone without or with addition of solid particles, zeolites HY, and NH4ZSM5. Spectrophotometric (UV/visible light spectrum) and total organic carbon measurements were used for determination of process efficiency and reaction kinetics. The degradation rates are evaluated by determining their rate constants. The different hydroxyl radical generation processes were comparatively studied, and the most efficient experimental conditions for the degradation of organic azo dyes solutions were determined. 相似文献
80.
Effect of copper in the protistan community of activated sludge 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Protists have proved to be an interesting tool for assessing the occurrence of pollution in wastewater treatment systems along with its role in the control of pollution itself through grazing of dispersed bacteria and maintenance of a healthy trophic web in those artificial ecosystems. Two sets of assays were carried on in a bench scale pilot plant in order to study the response of the activated sludge community of protists to the exposure of copper: the first set was carried on with synthetic sewage and the second one with real sewage. The results emphasize the ability of activated sludge biological communities to survive and to react to toxicants and highlight the role of protistan communities as indicators of toxicants entrance in treatment systems. 相似文献