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41.
S.G. Sommer H.S. Østergård P. Løfstrøm H.V. Andersen L.S. Jensen 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2009,43(4):915-920
Substantial emission of ammonia (NH3) from animal houses and the related high local deposition of NH3-N are a threat to semi-natural nitrogen-deficient ecosystems situated near the NH3 source. In Denmark, there are regulations limiting the level of NH3 emission from livestock houses near N-deficient ecosystems that are likely to change due to nitrogen (N) enrichment caused by NH3 deposition. The models used for assessing NH3 emission from livestock production, therefore, need to be precise, as the regulation will affect both the nature of the ecosystem and the economy of the farmer. Therefore a study was carried out with the objective of validating the Danish model used to monitor NH3 transport, dispersion and deposition from and in the neighbourhood of a chicken farm. In the study we measured NH3 emission with standard flux measuring methods, NH3 concentrations at increasing distances from the chicken houses using passive diffusion samplers and deposition using 15N-enriched biomonitors and field plot studies. The dispersion and deposition of NH3 were modelled using the Danish OML-DEP model. It was also shown that model calculations clearly reflect the measured NH3 concentration and N deposition. Deposition of N measured by biomonitors clearly reflected the variation in NH3 concentrations and showed that deposition was not significantly different from zero (P < 0.05) at distances greater than 150–200 m from these chicken houses. Calculations confirmed this, as calculated N deposition 320 m away from the chicken farm was only marginally affected by the NH3 emission from the farm. There was agreement between calculated and measured deposition showing that the model gives true estimates of the deposition in the neighbourhood of a livestock house emitting NH3. 相似文献
42.
Henrik Brinkmann Olsen Helle Vibeke Andersen 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2010,158(2):455-461
Total nitrogen in transplanted and in situ lichen thalli of Xanthoria parietina were related to ambient ammonia air concentrations measured with passive ALPHA (Adapted Low-cost Passive High Absorption) diffusion samplers in Denmark. Transplants and ALPHA samplers were exposed four months in a transect on heathland close to a pig farm. Monthly mean ammonia concentrations declined exponentially approaching background levels after 300 m. Nitrogen content of the lichen transplants tended to decline with distance, though only a few stations were significantly different from each other. Where ammonia concentrations were high, maximum content of nitrogen was reached after one month of exposure. Conversely, at sites with background concentrations, it took several months to reach a statistically significant uptake. The correlation between ammonia concentration in the air and in situ X. parietina was significant. 相似文献
43.
Manzetti Sergio Hadi Behzadi Andersen Otto David van der Spoel 《Environmental Chemistry Letters》2013,11(2):105-118
Nanotechnology globally represents a new direction within scientific development, where the atomic and electronic properties of molecules are used in a unique fashion to produce and construct new and exotic materials and products. Fullerenes (Bucky balls, C60) constitute a particular group within the field of nanotechnology. Fullerenes find applications in medicine, industrial chemistry and electronics. However, there are several unanswered questions about fullerenes and their toxicological properties. Most toxicological studies on fullerenes evolve around the in vitro and in vivo aspects of pristine C60 along with chemically modified C60 molecules. We reviewed toxicology reports on C60. We bring a critical and challenging evaluation of the electronic and quantum properties of C60 molecules in context with the implications on cellular factors and metabolites. The evaluation shows that the reactivity and quantum chemical properties of C60 can have unexpected effects in the cell, by principally absorbing metabolites, such as OH? and H+ ions and alter its reactivity. We thus challenge the present view of C60 solely based on empirical studies, based on the electronic properties of C60 that vary considerably with their size and reaction path. A further example of this is the absorption of divalent zinc ions, which shows an increase in reactivity of the C60 that presents an important pattern of chemical state, reactivity and toxicological potential. The results evaluate the toxicological potential of C60 from a different angle than conventional, by applying a blend of critical review of the findings on C60 toxicity, their chemical and electronic properties. 相似文献
44.
J.K. Andersen A. Boldrin T.H. Christensen C. Scheutz 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2010,30(12):2475-2482
The emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs) is a potential environmental disadvantage of home composting. Because of a lack of reliable GHG emission data, a comprehensive experimental home composting system was set up. The system consisted of six composting units, and a static flux chamber method was used to measure and quantify the GHG emissions for one year composting of organic household waste (OHW). The average OHW input in the six composting units was 2.6–3.5 kg week?1 and the temperature inside the composting units was in all cases only a few degrees (2–10 °C) higher than the ambient temperature. The emissions of methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) were quantified as 0.4–4.2 kg CH4 Mg?1 input wet waste (ww) and 0.30–0.55 kg N2O Mg?1 ww, depending on the mixing frequency. This corresponds to emission factors (EFs) (including only CH4 and N2O emissions) of 100–239 kg CO2-eq. Mg?1 ww. Composting units exposed to weekly mixing had the highest EFs, whereas the units with no mixing during the entire year had the lowest emissions. In addition to the higher emission from the frequently mixed units, there was also an instant release of CH4 during mixing which was estimated to 8–12% of the total CH4 emissions. Experiments with higher loads of OHW (up to 20 kg every fortnight) entailed a higher emission and significantly increased overall EFs (in kg substance per Mg?1 ww). However, the temperature development did not change significantly. The GHG emissions (in kg CO2-eq. Mg?1 ww) from home composting of OHW were found to be in the same order of magnitude as for centralised composting plants. 相似文献
45.
Many cities today face challenges related to urban growth. This is also the case in Oslo, currently one of the fastest growing capitals in Europe. In order to prepare for the population growth, a new municipal master plan has been prepared. In this, sustainable development is a prominent concept, and the urban district is going to be densified as part of the strategy. This paper examines some obstacles of turning planning theory into practice. There is a lack of coherence between municipal goals and the actual outcome. The analysis indicates that the official strategy is not able to cater for social sustainability partly due to institutional constraints. Moreover, there is no concise understanding of what sustainability means, which in turn hampers the ability to operationalise the concept in urban planning. 相似文献
46.
Bjørn P. Kaltenborn Eirin Hongslo Vegard Gundersen Oddgeir Andersen 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》2015,58(5):819-836
We examined community perceptions of preferred objectives for wild reindeer management in Southern Norway as the former population-based model is being replaced with an area-based, multi-level regional management model spanning large mountain regions. Communally oriented objectives are favoured over economic benefits to landowners. Environmental attitudes discriminate on many of the issues and can be useful factors in sorting out levels of support for proposed management actions and compromises in land use decisions. The regional reindeer plans create a new political context for land use management across large mountain areas which will require better cooperation among municipalities. 相似文献
47.
Farm management indicators and farm typologies as a basis for assessments in a changing policy environment 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Andersen E Elbersen B Godeschalk F Verhoog D 《Journal of environmental management》2007,82(3):353-362
This paper focuses on the assessment of farm management indicators and argues that typologies are a necessary tool for comprehensive environmental assessments. In the paper Andersen et al., [(2004a). Farming and the Environment in the European Community--using agricultural statistics to provide farm management indicators. Paper presented at OECD Expert meeting, March 2004, New Zealand. < http:webdomino1.oecd.org/comnet/agr/farmind.nsf/viewHtml/index/$FILE/Anderson_et_al.PDF> (1st of February 2006).] presented at the OECD expert meeting on farm management indicators in New Zealand in March 2004, a set of farm management indicators was presented in the framework of a typology of grazing livestock farming systems in the EU-15 (includes all Member States of the European Union before 2004). The present paper presents new results on farm management indicators within the framework of an extended typology for all farming sectors. It presents an environmentally oriented extension to the EU typology of farms currently used for assessing the situation of farming within the European Union. The extended typology is tested in relation to emerging policy issues such as environmental sustainability and rural viability by analysing some of the farm management indicators suggested in Andersen et al., [(2004a). Farming and the Environment in the European Community--using agricultural statistics to provide farm management indicators. Paper presented at OECD Expert meeting, March 2004, New Zealand. (1st of February 2006).]. Finally, recommendations in relation to the next generation EU farm typology are given. 相似文献
48.
Changseok Han Vlassis Likodimos Javed Ali Khan Mallikarjuna N. Nadagouda Joel Andersen Polycarpos Falaras Pablo Rosales-Lombardi Dionysios D. Dionysiou 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2014,21(20):11781-11793
Noble metal Ag-decorated, monodisperse TiO2 aggregates were successfully synthesized by an ionic strength-assisted, simple sol–gel method and were used for the photocatalytic degradation of the antibiotic oxytetracycline (OTC) under both UV and visible light (UV–visible light) irradiation. The synthesized samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD); UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy; environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM); transmission electron microscopy (TEM); high-resolution TEM (HR-TEM); micro-Raman, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS); and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The results showed that the uniformity of TiO2 aggregates was finely tuned by the sol–gel method, and Ag was well decorated on the monodisperse TiO2 aggregates. The absorption of the samples in the visible light region increased with increasing Ag loading that was proportional to the amount of Ag precursor added in the solution over the tested concentration range. The Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (The BET) surface area slightly decreased with increasing Ag loading on the TiO2 aggregates. Ag-decorated TiO2 samples demonstrated enhanced photocatalytic activity for the degradation of OTC under UV–visible light illumination compared to that of pure TiO2. The sample containing 1.9 wt% Ag showed the highest photocatalytic activity for the degradation of OTC under both UV–visible light and visible light illumination. During the experiments, the detected Ag leaching for the best TiO2-Ag photocatalyst was much lower than the National Secondary Drinking Water Regulation for Ag limit (0.1 mg L?1) issued by the US Environmental Protection Agency. 相似文献
49.
The paper describes an experimental set-up designed to measure the volatilization of different pesticides after application under full-scale field conditions. The pesticides were sprayed around the circumference of a circle and measurements of meteorology and air concentrations of pesticides were taken in the centre of the circle. The paper describes how the dimensions like the radius of the circle and height of the mast in the experimental set-up are found from theoretical considerations. A method to increase the confidence of the flux calculations is described. It utilizes that several substances were applied simultaneously and that a certain parameter in the fitted concentration profiles depends on turbulence only and thus have the same value for all substances. The design was used during two campaigns, conducted on the same location, one during fall on bare soil and one in spring on a barley crop. 相似文献
50.