生物填料塔同步脱氮除硫的研究

本试验针对含硫化物和硝酸盐氮的人工模拟废水,以硫化物为电子供体、硝酸盐为电子受体,采用厌氧生物填料塔进行同步脱氮除硫的实验研究,探讨了该生物填料塔的启动性能及塔内生物膜菌群的生长特性。结果表明:当S/N(摩尔比)为5∶3,初始pH为8.3⁸.5,温度为28℃,进水硫化物负荷为500 g/(m3·d)时,硫和氮的去除率分别达到96.7%和87.5%;厌氧生物填料塔中的优势菌群为脱氮硫杆菌,该菌的适宜生长温度为288.5,温度为28℃,进水硫化物负荷为500 g/(m3·d)时,硫和氮的去除率分别达到96.7%和87.5%;厌氧生物填料塔中的优势菌群为脱氮硫杆菌,该菌的适宜生长温度为28³0℃,pH值范围为630℃,pH值范围为6⁷;且经驯化后该菌种对初始硫化物浓度的耐受能力提高到6257;且经驯化后该菌种对初始硫化物浓度的耐受能力提高到625¹250 g/m3。     

荥阳地震台背景干扰及处理

利用荥阳地震台形变资料,对自然因素、人为影响、停电以及其他仪器故障等各种干扰事件进行了总结,分析了其影响幅度及机理,为利用形变资料识别并消除干扰、准确捕捉地震短临异常提供了可借鉴的依据。     

纳米TiO2对土壤重金属释放及形态变化的影响

通过室外模拟淹水实验研究纳米Ti O_2对土壤重金属迁移转化的影响,分析了两种纳米Ti O_2对三峡水库典型消落区土壤中Cr、Zn、Pb、Cu和Cd释放和形态变化的影响.结果表明,淹水两个月后,添加4 g·kg~(-1)金红石和锐钛矿颗粒处理均导致约30%的Cr释放到水中,主要促进可氧化态和残渣态Cr的溶出,从而促进土壤Cr的活化,大大提高其生态风险;另外,添加4 g·kg~(-1)金红石颗粒处理导致酸可交换态和可氧化态Pb含量分别下降25.92%和33.09%,增强其迁移性;但添加锐钛矿颗粒处理促进土壤中可氧化态Zn的生成,含量提高约30%,有利于Zn的固定;此外,两种纳米Ti O_2颗粒对Cu和Cd的形态均没有明显的影响.因此,纳米Ti O_2对土壤中Cr释放和形态变化影响最大,其次是Pb和Zn,在进行重金属污染土壤的修复及其风险评估时需要特别注意.     

超低溶解氧条件下的EBPR系统除磷性能

实验采用两个交替厌氧/好氧(An/O)模式运行的SBR反应器,对不同溶解氧(DO)浓度梯度下EBPR系统除磷效果及工艺性能进行了为期127 d的研究.在未控制DO的对照组反应器R1中,好氧段DO≥6 mg·L~(-1),运行的前65 d内工艺除磷性能稳定,除磷率95.9%,出水总磷0.5 mg·L~(-1),但由于系统长期处于过曝气状态,65 d后除磷性能逐渐恶化,直至97 d后系统彻底失效,整个运行阶段(1~127 d)出水总磷一级A达标率为39.4%.对于实验组反应器R2,控制好氧段DO浓度分别为2、1、0.5、0.2、0.1 mg·L~(-1),各工况初期除磷性能均有小幅波动,但除磷率迅速回升,继而反应器达到稳定运行.统计发现,实验组反应器R2在整个运行阶段出水总磷一级A的达标率为94.6%,127 d内仅有6 d不达标,工艺性能远优于R1.DO=2 mg·L~(-1)系统的比吸磷速率接近最大值,而低DO条件对比吸磷速率影响较大.实验还发现,尽管由超低DO(0.1 mg·L~(-1))引起的有机物降解速率低导致系统发生污泥微膨胀,但出水总磷仍能100%达标排放,微好氧EBPR的节能除磷具有可行性.     

基于地理探测器的地表水质影响因素研究——以山西省吕梁市为例

水质变化的影响因素是地表水研究的重要内容.为揭示市域尺度规模的地表水质污染特点及其影响因素,本文以山西省吕梁市为例,通过断面水质评价法对研究区内24个监测断面的地表水质污染状况进行评价.在此基础上,利用地理探测器分析自然因素(包括年均气温、年均降水量、高程)与社会经济因素(包括土地利用类型、人口密度、人均GDP)对2020年吕梁市地表水质的影响与交互作用.结果表明：研究区域地表水质整体状况为轻度污染,部分断面存在中度污染,且在空间上分布不均匀,主要污染指标为■、NH₃-N和TP.地表水质是多种因素共同作用的结果,与自然因素相比,社会经济因素对地表水质的影响更加明显.人口密度、年平均降水量和土地利用类型是吕梁市地表水质的主要影响因素,各因素的影响程度在交互作用后均有所增强.人均GDP和高程在与其他因素交互后为非线性增强,可作为地表水质空间预测模型的辅助因素.     

Review on recent progress in on-line monitoring technology for atmospheric pollution source emissions in China

Emissions from mobile sources and stationary sources contribute to atmospheric pollution in China, and its components, which include ultrafine particles (UFPs), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and other reactive gases, such as NH₃ and NO_x, are the most harmful to human health. China has released various regulations and standards to address pollution from mobile and stationary sources. Thus, it is urgent to develop online monitoring technology for atmospheric pollution source emissions. This study provides an overview of the main progress in mobile and stationary source monitoring technology in China and describes the comprehensive application of some typical instruments in vital areas in recent years. These instruments have been applied to monitor emissions from motor vehicles, ships, airports, the chemical industry, and electric power generation. Not only has the level of atmospheric environment monitoring technology and equipment been improving, but relevant regulations and standards have also been constantly updated. Meanwhile, the developed instruments can provide scientific assistance for the successful implementation of regulations. According to the potential problem areas in atmospheric pollution in China, some research hotspots and future trends of atmospheric online monitoring technology are summarized. Furthermore, more advanced atmospheric online monitoring technology will contribute to a comprehensive understanding of atmospheric pollution and improve environmental monitoring capacity.     

Differentiated emission control strategy based on comprehensive evaluation of multi-media pollution: Case of mercury emission control

In order to comprehensively evaluate the environmental impact of multi-media mercury pollution under differentiated emission control strategies in China, a literature review and case studies were carried out. Increased human exposure to methylmercury was assessed through the dietary intake of residents in areas surrounding a typical coal-fired power plant and a zinc(Zn) smelter, located either on acid soil with paddy growth in southern China, or on alkaline soil with wheat growth in northern Chi...     

酒石酸钾钠对重金属絮凝剂MAMPAM除Cu2+性能的影响

镀铜废水中由于存在酒石酸钾钠可与Cu2+形成酒石酸钾钠铜配合物使Cu2+的处理变得困难,为提高镀铜废水中Cu2+的处理效果,文章以聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)、甲醛、氢氧化钠、巯基乙酸(TGA)为原料,经羟甲基化反应和酰胺化反应制备出重金属絮凝剂巯基乙酰化羟甲基聚丙烯酰胺(MAMPAM).分别以单一含Cu2+水样以及含Cu2+、酒石酸钾钠的混合水样为考察对象,研究MAMPAM对水样中Cu2+的去除性能.通过正交实验得出絮凝最优水力条件:快搅时间1.0 min,快搅速度160 r/rmin,慢搅时间20 min,慢搅速度30 r/min.MAMPAM对Cu2+有较好的去除效果,对于单一含Cu2+水样中,当水样pH值为3.0～6.0时,Cu2+的去除率随着pH值的增加而升高,Cu2+的最高去除率为92.12％.酒石酸钾钠的存在对MAMPAM除Cu2+具有促进作用,当混合水样初始pH值为4.0～6.0时,随着pH值的增加,促进作用增强,MAMPAM对混合水样中Cu2+的最高去除率可达98.84％.絮体分形维数结果表明,单一水样和混合水样中螯合絮体MAMPAM-Cu的分形维数与Cu2+的去除率之间均呈正相关性.     

Rapid field testing of mercury pollution by designed fluorescent biosensor and its cells-alginate hydrogel-based paper assay

With increasing industrial activities, mercury has been largely discharged into environment and caused serious environmental problems. The growing level of mercury pollution has become a huge threat to human health due to its significant biotoxicity. Therefore, the simple and fast means for on-site monitoring discharged mercury pollution are highly necessary to protect human beings from its pernicious effects in time. Herein, a “turn off” fluorescent biosensor (mCherry L199C) for sensing Hg²⁺ was successfully designed based on direct modification of the chromophore environment of fluorescent protein mCherry. For rapid screening and characterization, the designed variant of mCherry (mCherry L199C) was directly expressed on outer-membrane of  Escherichia coli cells by cell surface display technique. The fluorescent biosensor was characterized to have favorable response to Hg²⁺ at micromole level among other metal ions and over a broad pH range. Further, the cells of the fluorescent biosensor were encapsulated in alginate hydrogel to develop the cells-alginate hydrogel-based paper. The cells-alginate hydrogel-based paper could detect mercury pollution in 5 min with simple operation process and inexpensive equipment, and it could keep fluorescence and activity stable at 4?°C for 24 hr, which would be a high-throughput screening tool in preliminarily reporting the presence of mercury pollution in natural setting.     

Combined pollution of arsenic and Polymyxin B enhanced arsenic toxicity and enriched ARG abundance in soil and earthworm gut microbiotas

Polymyxin B (PMB) is considered as the last line of antibiotic defense available to humans. The environmental effects of the combined pollution with PMB and heavy metals and their interaction mechanisms are unclear. We explored the effects of the combined pollution with PMB and arsenic (As) on the microbial composition of the soil and in the earthworm gut, as well as the spread and transmission of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). The results showed that, compared with As alone, the combined addition of PMB and As could significantly increase the bioaccumulation factor and toxicity of As in earthworm tissues by 12.1% and 16.0%, respectively. PMB treatment could significantly increase the abundance of Actinobacteria in the earthworm gut (from 35.6% to 45.2%), and As stress could significantly increase the abundance of Proteobacteria (from 19.8% to 56.9%). PMB and As stress both could significantly increase the abundance of ARGs and mobile genetic elements (MGEs), which were positively correlated, indicating that ARGs might be horizontally transferred. The inactivation of antibiotics was the main resistance mechanism that microbes use to resist PMB and As stress. Network analysis showed that PMB and As might have antagonistic effects through competition with multi-drug resistant ARGs. The combined pollution by PMB and As significantly promoted the relative abundance of microbes carrying multi-drug resistant ARGs and MGEs, thereby increasing the risk of transmission of ARGs. This research advances the understanding of the interaction mechanism between antibiotics and heavy metals and provides new theoretical guidance for the environmental risk assessment and combined pollution management.