Interaction between Cu and different types of surface-modified nanoscale zero-valent iron during their transport in porous media

This study investigated the interaction between Cu^2 + and nano zero-valent iron (NZVI) coated with three types of stabilizers (i.e., polyacrylic acid [PAA], Tween-20 and starch) by examining the Cu^2 + uptake, colloidal stability and mobility of surface-modified NZVI (SM-NZVI) in the presence of Cu^2 +. The uptake of Cu^2 + by SM-NZVI and the colloidal stability of the Cu-bearing SM-NZVI were examined in batch tests. The results showed that NZVI coated with different modifiers exhibited different affinities for Cu^2 +, which resulted in varying colloidal stability of different SM-NZVI in the presence of Cu^2 +. The presence of Cu^2 + exerted a slight influence on the aggregation and settling of NZVI modified with PAA or Tween-20. However, the presence of Cu^2 + caused significant aggregation and sedimentation of starch-modified NZVI, which is due to Cu^2 + complexation with the starch molecules coated on the surface of the particles. Column experiments were conducted to investigate the co-transport of Cu^2 + in association with SM-NZVI in water-saturated quartz sand. It was presumed that a physical straining mechanism accounted for the retention of Cu-bearing SM-NZVI in the porous media. Moreover, the enhanced aggregation of SM-NZVI in the presence of Cu^2 + may be contributing to this straining effect.     

Feasibility of bioleaching combined with Fenton oxidation to improve sewage sludge dewaterability

A novel joint method of bioleaching with Fenton oxidation was applied to condition sewage sludge. The specific resistance to filtration (SRF) and moisture of sludge cake (MSC) were adopted to evaluate the improvement of sludge dewaterability. After 2-day bioleaching, the sludge pH dropped to about 2.5 which satisfied the acidic condition for Fenton oxidation. Meanwhile, the SRF declined from 6.45 × 10¹⁰ to 2.07 × 10¹⁰ s²/g, and MSC decreased from 91.42% to 87.66%. The bioleached sludge was further conditioned with Fenton oxidation. From an economical point of view, the optimal dosages of H₂O₂ and Fe^2 + were 0.12 and 0.036 mol/L, respectively, and the optimal reaction time was 60 min. Under optimal conditions, SRF, volatile solids reduction, and MSC were 3.43 × 10⁸ s²/g, 36.93%, and 79.58%, respectively. The stability and settleability of sewage sludge were both improved significantly. Besides, the results indicated that bioleaching-Fenton oxidation was more efficient in dewatering the sewage sludge than traditional Fenton oxidation. The sludge conditioning mechanisms by bioleaching-Fenton oxidation might mainly include the flocculation effects and the releases of extracellular polymeric substances–bound water and intercellular water.     

Spectroscopic studies of dye-surfactant interactions with the co-existence of heavy metal ions for foam fractionation

The interaction between a cationic dye Methylene Blue (MB) and an anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) with the presence of Cd²⁺ was investigated spectrophotometrically in a certain concentration range. The spectrophotometric measurements of dye-metal ion-surfactant system were carried out. The results indicated that the SDS concentration had a significant influence on the dye spectrum, while the addition of Cd²⁺ hardly caused change of the maximum value of absorbance. According to this observation, we concluded that electrostatic and hydrophobic interaction between dye and surfactant occurred up to a certain level, and the homo-ions Cd²⁺ almost exerted no effect on the dye-surfactant complexation, establishing a theoretical foundation for simultaneous removal of organic dye and heavy metal using foam fractionation. Meanwhile, the effects of their interaction on foam performance were investigated. The results showed that the addition of Cd²⁺ favored the tendency to ameliorate foam properties just contrary to MB. The feasibility of foam separation for dye and heavy metal removal from simulated wastewater was also confirmed using a continuous foam fractionator. In the simultaneous removal process, with the initial SDS concentration ranging from 0.5 to 5.0 mmol/L, the maximum removal efficiencies of MB and Cd²⁺ were obtained as 99.69% and 99.61%, respectively. The enrichment ratios were reduced from 24.34 to 7.65 for MB and from 22.01 to 3.35 for Cd²⁺.     

细菌浸出电解锰废渣中锰的机制研究

从电解锰废渣中分离出一株高效浸锰菌,经鉴定为沙雷氏菌(Serratia sp.).考察了电解锰废渣培养液、MnO2培养液在有菌和无菌条件下的锰浸出情况,以及有菌液和无菌液在加入不同还原剂后的锰浸出情况.结果表明,在初始pH为6.0、固液质量比为1:10、温度为37 ℃的浸出条件下,在电解锰废渣培养液中,无菌条件下的锰浸出率远小于有菌条件下的,反应72 h后,无菌、有菌条件下的锰浸出率分别为8.030 00%、78.670 00%;无论在有菌还是无菌条件下,MnO2培养液中的锰浸出率都较低,反应72 h后,无菌、有菌条件下的锰浸出率分别为0.000 39%、0.041 00%;有菌液加入ZnS、FeS、FeSO4、Fe2(SO4)3、CuS还原剂后,反应72 h的锰浸出率分别为73.340 00%、70.980 00%、69.680 00%、10.260 00%、1.670 00%;无菌液中加入4种还原剂(不包括CuS)后的锰浸出率都相当低, 反应72 h后,锰浸出率相对较高的是FeS和ZnS,均为0.006 20%,锰浸出率相对最低的是Fe2(SO4)3,为0.005 00%;沙雷氏菌对电解锰废渣中锰的浸出既不是直接氧化浸出作用,也可能不是间接产酸浸出作用,而可能是一种催化还原作用.     

环境规划中植物的景观功能及其应用

本文在探讨植物的景观特点及其建造功能和观赏功能等基础上，提出了环境规划中景观规划的基本原则。结合岳阳市南湖旅游度假区的实际情况，应用景观规划的基本原则，研究了该旅游度假区的面上绿化规划和景区景点绿化规划。     

微波作用下餐厨垃圾固相中油脂浸出过程研究

餐厨垃圾固相中的油脂易腐化变质,危害环境和人类健康,不利于餐厨垃圾后续资源化处理;而合理回收利用则是一种优良资源。采用微波湿热的方法分离餐厨垃圾固相中油脂,考察了作用时间、温度及微波加热方式对固相中油脂浸出率的影响;利用红外光谱和气质联用分析了微波湿热前后固相中油脂的成分性质。结果表明:餐厨垃圾固相中油脂浸出率随微波作用时间延长呈先增后平稳的趋势,120℃下作用40 min时,浸出率达最高值为72.1%;微波作用下固相中油脂浸出率相比电加热提高了3.1%;微波处理未改变固相中油脂的主要官能团结构,但脂肪酸及其甘油酯含量发生了变化。     

多壁碳纳米管对水稻幼苗的植物毒性研究

考察了浓度为10、50和100 mg·L~(-1)的多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)的植物毒性,通过测量水稻生长指数、根系氧化应激反应、细胞膜损伤和生理功能的变化,探索了其具体的毒性机制。将水稻幼苗暴露于不同浓度的MWCNTs悬浮液中培养10 d后,高浓度处理组(100 mg·L~(-1))中水稻幼苗地上部分和根系鲜重分别降低至对照组的87.6%±1.1%和69.2%±7.8%。对根系深入研究发现氧化应激反应和细胞膜的损伤主要出现在高浓度处理组,此时过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性由对照组的(8.8±1.6)U·mg-1prot(protein,蛋白质)增加至(16.3±2.8)U·mg-1prot,丙二醛(MDA)含量由对照组的(8.0±0.3)μmol·g-1FW(fresh weight,鲜重)增加至(15.1±1.4)μmol·g-1FW。然而,水稻根系的生化酶活性在低浓度(10 mg·L~(-1))时就开始明显降低。通过透射电镜(TEM)观察发现,MWCNTs颗粒分布在水稻幼苗根系细胞内,从而证实了MWCNTs能被植物细胞吸收。     

放牧干扰对祁连山高寒金露梅灌丛草甸群落的影响

以祁连山北支冷龙岭东段南麓的甘柴滩夏季牧场集体长期混合(藏系绵羊、牦牛)放牧的高寒金露梅Potentilla froticosa灌丛草场为对象,利用空间分布代替时间演替的方法,采用方格网法取样分析调查,对不同放牧压力梯度下金露梅灌丛群落的结构、组成、物种多样性、地上生物量进行研究,结果表明:①放牧居住点由远到近,放牧压力梯度不断增加,金露梅株高、密度、覆盖度、地上生物量和丛间草地的地上生物量均有不同程度的降低,地上的总生物量降低幅度达84.77%.金露梅株高与放牧压力梯度遵循对数方程;而金露梅密度、覆盖度、丛间草本地上生物量与放牧压力梯度呈幂函数关系.②随着放牧压力梯度断增加,金露梅灌丛下层群落的物种组成及其结构有显著变化.禾本科、莎草科和杂类草植物的地上生物量均有不同程度的下降,而杂类草的地上生物量占地上草本植物总生物量的比例由56.0%上升到79.69%;莎草科生物量占地上草本植物总生物量的比例略有所上升;禾本科的地上生物量占草本植物地上总生物量的比例南31.2%下降到9.6%.     

SBR系统中同步硝化反硝化好氧颗粒污泥的培养

采用人工配制的模拟生活污水,研究序批式反应器(SBR)中好氧颗粒污泥的培养.实验结果表明:通过对进水碳源进行调控,反应器中形成了高活性具有同步硝化反硝化能力的好氧颗粒污泥,反应器中COD和NH₃-N的去除率分别为74.0%～92.8%和82.3%～98.5%.颗粒污泥的粒径一般为0.5～1.0mm,MLSS达到4.5g·L^-1以上,SVI值约为32.5,其有效生物量及脱氮性能远远高于一般的好氧活性污泥.     

Recent advances in research on cyclic volatile methylsiloxanes in sediment,soil and biosolid: a review

Three cyclic volatile methylsiloxanes (cVMS) were widely used in various processes of production and industrials and frequently added to consumer products. cVMS are continuously released into the environment, causing increasing environmental and human exposing risks. cVMS were investigated in air, water, biogas, soil, sediment, biosolid and organism. Many scholars focused on the occurrence, behaviours, fate and effects of cVMS in environmental matrices all over the world. However, few studies paid attention to the environmental behaviour of cVMS in the solid phase. We assessed their environmental behaviour and fate in soil, biosolid and sediment. High concentrations of cVMS were detected in biosolids. Volatilisation, adsorption and degradation were the major environmental behaviours for cVMS in the solid phase. Although some aquatic organisms showed an appropriate level of bioaccumulation and bioconcentration, there were no obvious evidence of trophic biomagnification in aquatic food webs for octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4) and decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5). In addition, cVMS in the environment have not impacted for natural organisms because the concentrations in soil and sediment have not exceeded the maximum no-observed-effect-concentration threshold. Finally, regarding the major environmental behaviour in soil and sediment, suggestions for further study are proposed.