好氧颗粒污泥技术处理味精废水

采用好氧颗粒污泥技术处理味精废水.实验结果表明:前置缺氧段对反应器脱氮效果影响较小,脱氮过程主要是在好氧段实现;曝气段的最佳工艺条件为曝气量0.38 m3/h,曝气时间5.5 h;在进水COD、p(NH3-N)和TN分别为l000.00～1300.00,70.00～130.00,100.00～200.00 mg/L的条件下,COD、NH3-N和TN的去除率可分别维持在90％、99％和85％以上,实现了味精废水的高效脱氮处理.有机物主要在曝气初期的1.5 h内被去除,其在微生物体内以聚β-羟基丁酸形式储存,以提供反硝化过程中所需要的碳源.与普通SBR相比,接种好氧颗粒污泥后的反应器对味精废水具有更好的处理效果.     

微波辐照热解废印刷电路板产物的分析研究

为了减少电子废弃物对环境的危害,实现其资源化回收利用,研究了微波辐照热解废印刷电路板的效果,并采用红外光谱、气相色谱质谱和X荧光光谱等方法对热解产物的组成及性质进行了分析.结果显示:微波热解得到的气体、液体、固体的产率分别为7%～33%、26%～45%、31%～51%,其中气体主要由CO、CO2、H2及有机烃类组成,可燃性气体占70%(体积分数)左右,可作为燃料气加以利用;液体分为水相及油相,经常压蒸馏后得到的120～250 ℃馏分主要为单酚化合物,苯酚高达50%(质量分数)左右,甲基苯酚和邻甲基苯酚为25%(质量分数)以上,是良好的化工原料;固体中除炭外,还含有许多金属如铅、锡和铜等,可以回收利用.说明微波热解技术处理电子废弃物可实现资源化回收利用.     

特大城市集群绿色发展与生态足迹关联特征

本文以成渝城市群、长江中游城市群和长三角城市群为研究对象,解析不同空间尺度下绿色发展与生态足迹时空变化特征,并结合耦合协调度模型、环境库兹涅茨曲线（EKC）理论探究绿色发展与生态足迹的关联特征。研究表明,长江经济带城市群2000—2015年绿色发展水平逐年提升,约16.44%的城市达到较高水平,空间上呈现“东部高、西部低”的特征。人均三维生态足迹增长逐渐趋缓,成渝城市群达到峰值（5.21hm²）后逐年稳定下降。长江经济带绿色发展与生态足迹处于良好协调状态,绿色经济的快速发展带动了耦合协调度的提高。绿色发展与生态足迹存在倒“ U”形EKC曲线关系,由于自然资源基础和产业结构差异,成渝城市群（拐点出现在2008年）绿色发展与生态足迹协调关系好转早于中下游城市群（拐点分别在2019年、2012年）。四川、安徽应作为降低资源消耗的重点对象,未来应进一步加强区域中心城市的辐射带动作用,拉动周围城市提高绿色发展水平。研究成果能为区域绿色发展与生态环境协同管理提供思路与理论支持。     

厌氧工艺对含铬(Ⅵ)废水处理效果初探

以砂石和活性炭作为填料,自制厌氧生物滤床系统,并对系统进行驯化,发现完成驯化后的稳定系统具有良好的去铬(Ⅵ)能力.废水在系统中经过2 h运行,加入碳源的试验组与不加碳源的对照组的铬(Ⅵ)去除率分别为87.33%和66.31%.恒流泵最佳流量为47 mL/min,外加碳源后,铬(Ⅵ)的浓度由60 mg/L左右降到0.5 mg/L以下,需要4 h,而对照组需要14 h,铬(Ⅵ)浓度由64.66 mg/L提高到 75.53 mg/L时,对本系统负面影响甚微,提高到95.47 mg/L时,系统出水达标所需时间延长到7.5 h.本系统具有耐受一定程度的浓度冲击以及进一步驯化、提高处理负荷的潜力.     

伪装遮障材料耐老化性能与机理分析

目的 研究伪装遮障材料在实用期的老化机理,获悉伪装遮障材料失效的主要环境因素。方法 通过分析伪装遮障材料在自然环境和实验室单因素环境中的性能变化,得出影响伪装遮障材料老化失效的主要因素。采用扫描电子显微镜、红外光谱仪、X射线光电子能谱仪表征材料的微观形貌、化学结构和化学成分变化,解释伪装遮障材料的老化机理。结果 获得了在不同自然环境、实验室单因素环境下,伪装遮障材料颜色外观和力学性能的变化规律,得到了伪装遮障材料在老化过程中发生的微观形貌、化学结构和化学成分变化。结论 伪装遮障材料在西双版纳自然环境下的老化程度最大,在济南自然环境下的老化程度最小。光照是导致伪装遮障材料颜色外观及力学性能降低的主要因素。老化过程中,主要是材料表面的聚氨酯发生老化、脱落,导致材料的力学性能下降。伪装遮障材料破坏时,纤维有2种失效形式,一种是纤维脱黏、直接断裂;另一种是纤维脱黏,拔出,或者拔出过程中断裂。     

对加快推进我国矿山生态修复的思考

绿色矿山建设是矿业领域践行"绿水青山就是金山银山"的重要体现。本文从矿山生态修复的内涵到外延，从问题识别到任务措施，从单一治理修复目标到生态系统功能修复目标，从矿山生态修复系统到与经济社会发展系统相结合等多个方面，系统地梳理矿山生态修复的解决路径，围绕矿业绿色发展提出一系列建议。     

On the dissipation rate of temperature fluctuations in stably stratified flows

Environmental Fluid Mechanics - In this study, we explore several integral and outer length scales of turbulence which can be formulated by using the dissipation of temperature fluctuations (...     

Aerosol transmission,an indispensable route of COVID-19 spread: case study of a department-store cluster

• Aerosol transmission is an indispensable route of COVID-19 spread. • Different outbreak sites have different epidemiologic feature. • SRAS-CoV-2 can exist for a long time in aerosol. • SRAS-CoV-2 RNA can be detected in aerosol in diverse places. • Some environmental factors can impact SARS-CoV-2 transportation in aerosol. Patients with COVID-19 have revealed a massive outbreak around the world, leading to widespread concerns in global scope. Figuring out the transmission route of COVID-19 is necessary to control further spread. We analyzed the data of 43 patients in Baodi Department Store (China) to supplement the transmission route and epidemiological characteristics of COVID-19 in a cluster outbreak. Incubation median was estimated to endure 5.95 days (2–13 days). Almost 76.3% of patients sought medical attention immediately upon illness onset. The median period of illness onset to hospitalization and confirmation were 3.96 days (0–14) and 5.58 days (1–21), respectively. Patients with different cluster case could demonstrate unique epidemiological characteristics due to the particularity of outbreak sites. SRAS-CoV-2 can be released into the surrounding air through patient’s respiratory tract activities, and can exist for a long time for long-distance transportation. SRAS-CoV-2 RNA can be detected in aerosol in different sites, including isolation ward, general ward, outdoor, toilet, hallway, and crowded public area. Environmental factors influencing were analyzed and indicated that the SARS-CoV-2 transportation in aerosol was dependent on temperature, air humidity, ventilation rate and inactivating chemicals (ozone) content. As for the infection route of case numbers 2 to 6, 10, 13, 16, 17, 18, 20 and 23, we believe that aerosol transmission played a significant role in analyzing their exposure history and environmental conditions in Baodi Department Store. Aerosol transmission could occur in some cluster cases when the environmental factors are suitable, and it is an indispensable route of COVID-19 spread.     

降解和压缩作用下城市生活垃圾的持水量变化

在自制的城市生活垃圾降解-压缩-渗流仪中开展了5组持水量试验,分别研究不同温度和逐级递增应力条件下新鲜高厨余垃圾的持水量随时间的变化,新鲜高厨余、新鲜无厨余和基本降解垃圾的持水量随应力的变化.试验结果表明：在恒定应力条件下,新鲜高厨余垃圾的持水量随时间呈指数下降,即MRC=a-b（1-exp（-ct^d））;在应力10kPa和室温（0～27℃）条件下,持水量下降较慢（c=0.003,d=1.18）;在应力10kPa和恒温（40±3℃）条件下,持水量下降较快（c=0.173,d=0.601）;应力从50kPa逐级递增至100kPa、200kPa和400kPa后,持水量分别瞬时下降3.0%、2.3%和1.9%;新鲜高厨余、新鲜无厨余和基本降解垃圾的持水量均随应力的对数呈线性下降,即MRC=m-n×lg（σ）;当应力从10kPa增大至400kPa时,新鲜高厨余、基本降解和新鲜无厨余垃圾的持水量分别从63.0%、46.5%和37.9%下降至46.0%、35.3%和30.4%.通过对比分析国内外持水量试验结果,揭示了在相同应力条件下新鲜垃圾持水量随厨余含量的增加而增大、不同组分老垃圾持水量基本相同的规律.分析了生化降解和应力压缩对新鲜高厨余垃圾持水量的影响机理,并提出了增大新鲜高厨余垃圾脱水速率和脱水量的工程建议.     

A review of combinations of electrokinetic applications

Anthropogenic activities contaminate many lands and underground waters with dangerous materials. Although polluted soils occupy small parts of the land, the risk they pose to plants, animals, humans, and groundwater is too high. Remediation technologies have been used for many years in order to mitigate pollution or remove pollutants from soils. However, there are some deficiencies in the remediation in complex site conditions such as low permeability and complex composition of some clays or heterogeneous subsurface conditions. Electrokinetic is an effective method in which electrodes are embedded in polluted soil, usually vertically but in some cases horizontally, and a low direct current voltage gradient is applied between the electrodes. The electric gradient initiates movement of contaminants by electromigration (charged chemical movement), electro-osmosis (movement of fluid), electrolysis (chemical reactions due to the electric field), and diffusion. However, sites that are contaminated with heavy metals or mixed contaminants (e.g. a combination of organic compounds with heavy metals and/or radionuclides) are difficult to remediate. There is no technology that can achieve the best results, but combining electrokinetic with other remediation methods, such as bioremediation and geosynthetics, promises to be the most effective method so far. This review focuses on the factors that affect electrokinetic remediation and the state-of-the-art methods that can be combined with electrokinetic.