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101.
102.
A number of extractants and extraction procedures were evaluated using a variety of tropical marine sediments fractionated on the basis of grain size. Total metal levels obtained by X-ray fluorescence analysis were used in the normalization of levels obtained by these extractants/extraction procedures. A change in extraction efficiency with change in the pH of the extractant used was observed for Fe and Mn irrespective of particle size of the fraction. Iron was extracted uniformly at each leaching level for the <53micro fractions. Manganese had comparable extraction efficiencies with both weak and strong extractants. The extraction efficiencies for Cr were generally low possibly due to an association with the residual phase. The ease with which both Pb and Ni were extracted indicated that they were only loosely bound in the sediments. The extraction efficiencies for Cu varied widely for the fractions of larger particle sizes but fell within narrow ranges for the <53micro fractions. 相似文献
103.
Pang L Close M Goltz M Sinton L Davies H Hall C Stanton G 《Environment international》2004,29(7):907-921
Setback distances between septic tank systems and the shorelines of Lake Okareka, New Zealand were determined from model simulations for a worst-case scenario, using the highest hydraulic conductivity and gradient measured in the field, removal rates of the microbial indicators (Escherichia coli and F-RNA phages) determined from a column experiment, and maximum values of the design criteria for the disposal system, and assuming an absence of an unsaturated zone, a continuous discharge of the raw effluent from a failed or non-complying treatment system (both indicators at concentrations of 1x10(7) counts/100 ml) into the groundwater and no sorption of pathogens in the aquifer. Modelling results suggest that the minimal setback distances were 16 m to satisfy the New Zealand Recreational Water Quality Guidelines for E. coli <126 per 100 ml (Ministry for the Environment, 1999) and 48 m to meet the Drinking-Water Standards for New Zealand 2000 for enteric virus <1 per 100 l (Ministry of Health, 2000). These distances may be applicable for other lakeshores in pumice sand aquifers with groundwater velocities <7 m/day. Findings of laboratory column and batch experiments provided an insight into the microbial attenuation and transport processes in pumice sand aquifers. Bacterial removal was predominately through filtration (87-88%) and partially by die-off (12-13%), while viral removal was by both die-off (45%) and filtration (55%). In addition, microbial die-off in groundwater without aquifer material (i.e., free microbes) was much lower than die-off in groundwater with aquifer material (i.e., sorbed microbes) and contributed only 2-6% to the total removal. This implies that the setback distances estimated from die-off rates for the free microbes, determined in the laboratory without considering aquifer media and other removal processes, which are often reported in the literature, could be larger than necessary. 相似文献
104.
I. Lorenzoni A. Jordan D. Favis-Mortlock D. Viner J. Hall 《Regional Environmental Change》2001,2(3):106-117
The weight of scientific evidence suggests that human activities are noticeably influencing the world's climate. However,
the effects of global climate change will be unevenly spread, due to local variations in vulnerability and adaptive capacity.
Using downscaled projections of future UK climates over the next 50 years, this paper investigates the impacts of, and possible
responses to, climate change in one small area in eastern England, selected as a test-bed for sustainable agriculture. It
shows that local agricultural systems are vulnerable to changes in the climate. At present, however, these considerations
have a limited effect on agricultural operations, which are mainly driven by short-term events and 'non-climate' policies,
such as agricultural price support. The capacity of agricultural systems to adapt successfully to climate change will be determined
by the ability of producers to integrate climate change into their planning strategies with a view to ultimately ensuring
sustainable agricultural practices in the long term.
Electronic Publication 相似文献
105.
Pam Chamberlain Toni Hall 《环境化学》2008,27(3):398-402
本文开发了一种定量分析源水和饮用2种农药及其代谢物的方法.本法采用固相萃取法处理水样,液相色谱和电喷雾质谱进行检测.回收率、灵敏度、准确性及精密度均达到了英国法规的要求. 相似文献
106.
Nonadditive effects of leaf litter species diversity on breakdown dynamics in a detritus-based stream 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Kominoski JS Pringle CM Ball BA Bradford MA Coleman DC Hall DB Hunter MD 《Ecology》2007,88(5):1167-1176
Since species loss is predicted to be nonrandom, it is important to understand the manner in which those species that we anticipate losing interact with other species to affect ecosystem function. We tested whether litter species diversity, measured as richness and composition, affects breakdown dynamics in a detritus-based stream. Using full-factorial analyses of single- and mixed-species leaf packs (15 possible combinations of four dominant litter species; red maple [Acer rubrum], tulip poplar [Liriodendron tulipifera], chestnut oak [Quercus prinus], and rhododendron [Rhododendron maximum]), we tested for single-species presence/absence (additive) or species interaction (nonadditive) effects on leaf pack breakdown rates, changes in litter chemistry, and microbial and macroinvertebrate biomass. Overall, we found significant nonadditive effects of litter species diversity on leaf pack breakdown rates, which were explained both by richness and composition. Leaf packs containing higher litter species richness had faster breakdown rates, and antagonistic effects of litter species composition were observed when any two or three of the four litter species were mixed. Less-consistent results were obtained with respect to changes in litter chemistry and microbial and macroinvertebrate biomass. Our results suggest that loss of litter species diversity will decrease species interactions involved in regulating ecosystem function. To that end, loss of species such as eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) accompanied by predicted changes in riparian tree species composition in the southeastern United States could have nonadditive effects on litter breakdown at the landscape scale. 相似文献
107.
Cristi Horton Damon Hall Susan Gilbertz Tarla Peterson 《Environmental Communication: A Journal of Nature and Culture》2017,11(5):609-623
We explored the communicative construction of a conservationist identity among primary producers by excavating voices of agriculturalists operating along the Yellowstone River (Montana, USA). We used a cultural inventory approach to discover and then listen to informants’ voices as they constructed their conservation identity. Those who self-identified as conservationists talked about their ecological and social responsibilities, and described challenges they faced in protecting individual resources and system processes of the watershed. For these agriculturalists, conservation and production are inextricably linked, and enable them to provide a sustainable resource base for future generations. Insight from these voices enhances understanding of what sustainability could mean to those who self-identify as both conservationists and primary producers. 相似文献
108.
Derek Armitage Rob C. de Lo? Michelle Morris Tom W. D. Edwards Andrea K. Gerlak Roland I. Hall Dave Huitema Ray Ison David Livingstone Glen MacDonald Naho Mirumachi Ryan Plummer Brent B. Wolfe 《Ambio》2015,44(5):353-366
In this policy perspective, we outline several conditions to support effective science–policy interaction, with a particular emphasis on improving water governance in transboundary basins. Key conditions include (1) recognizing that science is a crucial but bounded input into water resource decision-making processes; (2) establishing conditions for collaboration and shared commitment among actors; (3) understanding that social or group-learning processes linked to science–policy interaction are enhanced through greater collaboration; (4) accepting that the collaborative production of knowledge about hydrological issues and associated socioeconomic change and institutional responses is essential to build legitimate decision-making processes; and (5) engaging boundary organizations and informal networks of scientists, policy makers, and civil society. We elaborate on these conditions with a diverse set of international examples drawn from a synthesis of our collective experiences in assessing the opportunities and constraints (including the role of power relations) related to governance for water in transboundary settings. 相似文献
109.
Bruce W. Hardy Kathleen Hall Jamieson 《Environmental Communication: A Journal of Nature and Culture》2017,11(2):205-217
Unusually cold winters, a slowing in upward global temperatures, or an increase in Arctic sea ice extent are often falsely cast as here-and-now disconfirmation of the scientific consensus on climate change. Such conclusions are examples of “end point bias,” the well documented psychological tendency to interpret a recent short-term fluctuation as a reversal of a long-term trend. End point bias poses a challenge to those trying to communicate cross-decade climate warming trends. In this study, we demonstrate that exposure to misleading scientific information on FoxNews.com that evokes end point bias can affect the beliefs of liberals and moderates as well as conservatives. We also show that the leveraging-involving-visualizing-analogizing communication model can reduce the effects of endpoint bias among moderates and liberals at the same time as it dampens both the ideological and endpoint biasing of conservatives. 相似文献
110.
Effects of surrounding land use and water depth on seagrass dynamics relative to a catastrophic algal bloom 下载免费PDF全文
Seagrasses are the foundation of many coastal ecosystems and are in global decline because of anthropogenic impacts. For the Indian River Lagoon (Florida, U.S.A.), we developed competing multistate statistical models to quantify how environmental factors (surrounding land use, water depth, and time [year]) influenced the variability of seagrass state dynamics from 2003 to 2014 while accounting for time‐specific detection probabilities that quantified our ability to determine seagrass state at particular locations and times. We classified seagrass states (presence or absence) at 764 points with geographic information system maps for years when seagrass maps were available and with aerial photographs when seagrass maps were not available. We used 4 categories (all conservation, mostly conservation, mostly urban, urban) to describe surrounding land use within sections of lagoonal waters, usually demarcated by land features that constricted these waters. The best models predicted that surrounding land use, depth, and year would affect transition and detection probabilities. Sections of the lagoon bordered by urban areas had the least stable seagrass beds and lowest detection probabilities, especially after a catastrophic seagrass die‐off linked to an algal bloom. Sections of the lagoon bordered by conservation lands had the most stable seagrass beds, which supports watershed conservation efforts. Our results show that a multistate approach can empirically estimate state‐transition probabilities as functions of environmental factors while accounting for state‐dependent differences in seagrass detection probabilities as part of the overall statistical inference procedure. 相似文献