Application of a Chemical Mass Balance Receptor Model to Respirable Particulate Matter in Mexico City

Mexico City frequently experiences high levels of air pollution. This is due mainly to its topography and meteorology that suppress pollutant diffusion and dispersion. The atmospheric mixing is extremely poor, especially during the dry winter months. The levels of certain pollutants, such as particulate matter, are of concern since they have severe effects on public health. Visibility deterioration is one of the most noticeable effects in large cities. Biological effects of particulate matter on man and animals, ranging from mild eye irritation to death, have been reported. The effects depend on the size of the particles, their solubility, and toxicity. The main objective of this paper is to present the results of a chemical mass balance receptor model applied to a well-characterized data set of particulate matter collected in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA). Samples of particulate matter were collected using a denuder and a Hi-Vol system for the respi-rable fraction and total suspended particles, respectively. In this paper the analysis of a database consisting of the chemical composition of 33 samples of respirable particulate matter (aerosols with diameter less than 2.5 µm) is presented. The 12-hour samples were acquired during day and night periods in a typical medium-income neighborhood from December 19, 1989 through February 5, 1990.     

中国工业废水排放格局及其驱动因素

基于2005~2015年中国31个省（市、自治区）的环境统计数据，运用GIS空间分析方法和SARAR计量模型系统刻画了工业废水排放的时空格局演变与空间集聚特征，并进一步揭示其驱动因素及区域差异性。结果表明：（1）研究时段内，工业废水排放逐年减少，但废水排放总量不断上升，表明中国废水排放主导源已经发生替变；（2）中国工业废水排放量总体呈现“东南高、西北低”的省际格局特征，胡焕庸线可看作工业废水排放“热区”与“冷区”的分界线；（3）中国工业废水排放表现出明显的空间集聚特征，集聚趋势逐年加强；（4）SARAR模型估计结果显示，城镇化推进、第二产业发展、人口增长依次是中国工业废水排放的主要驱动因素。与全国相比，热区的SARAR模型估计结果与上述结论基本一致，但各驱动因素的影响效应略有不同     

可持续发展视角下的中央商务区低碳发展路径和策略探讨

随着城市建设的不断推进,中央商务区(CBD)的可持续发展受到越来越多关注。随着全球气候变化的日益加剧,低碳CBD作为一种新型的CBD发展模式被提出。基于国内外已有的CBD建设研究,以可持续发展理念为指引,在解析CBD发展历程的基础上,探究了中国CBD低碳建设的路径和策略。CBD的碳排放特征分析表明,"低碳CBD"的发展路径必须将低碳理念贯彻到规划期、建设期及运营期等各个阶段,坚持全生命周期的低碳管理。最后,从量化低碳目标、创新低碳政策和持续改进地管理低碳建设3个方面提出了低碳CBD的发展策略。     

环境中重金属和有机污染物的物种敏感性分布研究进展

物种敏感性分布法(SSD,Species Sensitivity Distribution)是一种相对于传统评价因子法具有更高置信度的统计学外推方法,在环境质量基准制定及生态风险评价中得到广泛应用。本文对近年来国内外重金属和有机污染物的物种敏感性分布研究成果进行了综述,阐述了在水体、土壤和沉积物等环境介质中应用SSD方法开展生态风险评价的研究现状,从SSD模型选择、毒性数据点筛选等方面对影响SSD模型不确定性的因素进行探讨,并对SSD方法在生态风险评价领域的应用进行了展望。     

Spatial-temporal distribution and potential ecological risk assessment of nonylphenol and octylphenol in riverine outlets of Pearl River Delta, China

The aquatic environments of the Pearl River Delta in Southern China are subjected to contamination with various industrial chemicals from local industries. In this paper, the occurrence, seasonal variation and spatial distribution of alkylphenol octylphenol （OP） and nonylphenol （NP） in fiver surface water and sediments in the runoff outlets of the Pearl River Delta were investigated. NP and OP were detected in all water and sediment samples and their mean concentrations in surface water during the dry season ranged from 810 to 3366 ng/L and 85.5 to 581 ng/L, respectively, and those in sediments ranged from 14.2 to 95.2 ng/g dw and 0.4 to 3.0 ng/g dw, respectively. In surface water, much higher concentrations were detected in the dry season than those in the wet season. In sediments, the concentrations in the dry season were also mostly higher. High concentrations of NP and OP were found in Humen outlet, likely due to high levels of domestic and industrial wastewater discharges. An ecological risk assessment with the use of hazard quotient （HQ） was also carried out and the HQvalues ranged from 3.6 × 10^-5 to 35 and 64% of samples gave a HQ 〉 1, indicating that the current levels of NP and OP pose a significant risk to the relevant aquatic organisms in the region.     

Optimization of wastewater treatment alternative selection by hierarchy grey relational analysis

This paper describes an innovative systematic approach, namely hierarchy grey relational analysis for optimal selection of wastewater treatment alternatives, based on the application of analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and grey relational analysis (GRA). It can be applied for complicated multicriteria decision-making to obtain scientific and reasonable results. The effectiveness of this approach was verified through a real case study. Four wastewater treatment alternatives (A(2)/O, triple oxidation ditch, anaerobic single oxidation ditch and SBR) were evaluated and compared against multiple economic, technical and administrative performance criteria, including capital cost, operation and maintenance (O and M) cost, land area, removal of nitrogenous and phosphorous pollutants, sludge disposal effect, stability of plant operation, maturity of technology and professional skills required for O and M. The result illustrated that the anaerobic single oxidation ditch was the optimal scheme and would obtain the maximum general benefits for the wastewater treatment plant to be constructed.     

Effect of acid rain on building material of the El Tajín archaeological zone in Veracruz, Mexico

Three limestone slabs (approx. 20 cm2 each) were extracted from the El Tajin archaeological zone in Veracruz, Mexico. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed three components: calcite (81.2%), quartz (17.9%) and feldspar (0.9%). Calcite content by x-ray diffraction analysis was slightly higher than that determined by chemical reaction between the limestone sample and nitric acid. The latter analysis, carried out in triplicate, yielded a calcite content of 77.1%. Mean water absorption, density and porosity of the limestone samples were also determined. Dissolution of limestone samples was investigated using an experimental rainfall simulation chamber, in which the stone samples were irrigated with artificial rain matching the pH and the ionic composition with 40 rainfall samples collected at El Tajin from August 18, 2002, to April 9, 2003. According to calcium and bicarbonate net concentrations found in the effluent of the chamber, a chemical mechanism by which limestone at El Tajin is dissolved by acid rain is proposed. A model used to investigate the air transport pathways corresponding to precipitation events at El Tajin shows that air parcels come mainly from the Gulf of Mexico, although no directional preference is evident for acidic vs. non-acidic events.     

转小鼠金属硫蛋白-I基因聚球藻7002对重金属耐受性的研究

研究了野生和转小鼠金属硫蛋白-I(mMT-I)基因聚球藻7002对Pb、Hg、Cd、Mg、Ni、Cu、Co、Zn和As 9种重金属元素的耐受性,以及重金属对藻细胞生长的半抑制浓度(IC50),并与相关文献进行了比较,旨在为转基因藻的工业应用提供依据.结果表明:转mMT-I基因聚球藻7002每单位OD750最高可耐受4～5 mmol/L的Pb2 、0.4～0.6 mmol/L的Cd2 和0.8～1.2mmol/L的Hg2 ,耐受性系数分别为1712.4～2140.5、92.9～139.4、331.6～497.3 mg/g;相比野生聚球藻7002,它对Pb2 、Cd2 的耐受性提高了4～5倍,对Hg2 的耐受性提高了100倍左右.野生聚球藻7002的重金属耐受性系数(mg/g)大小依次为:As(Ⅲ)>Pb2 >Mg2 >Zn2 >Cu2 >Ni2 >Cd2 >Co2 >Hg2 ,而转mMT-I基因聚球藻7002的重金属耐受性系数(mg/g)大小依次为:As(Ⅲ)>Mg2 >Pb2 >Hg2 >Zn2 >Cu2 >Cd2 >Ni2 >Co2 .转mMT-I基因聚球藻7002在重金属溶液中生长的IC50明显大于野生聚球藻7002和其他藻,其对Pb2 、Cd2 和Hg2 的IC50分别为96.60(72 h)、3.94(72h)、7.57(96 h)mg/L.