太湖梅梁湾水体组分吸收特性季节差异分析

利用2006年8月、11月和2007年3月太湖梅梁湾水样实验室测定的水体组分固有光学特性数据和水质分析数据,分析水体中各组分在不同季节的吸收特性,并讨论不同季节光谱吸收的主导因子.结果表明,各组分在不同季节其吸收特性存在一定的差异,总悬浮吸收系数在夏季最大,在440 nm平均吸收系数为(7.49 4±3.0)m-1,春季最小,440 nm平均吸收系数为(2.86±0.73)m-1,且不同季节其吸收类型不同;非藻类颗粒吸收特性的季节性差异相对较小,其吸收系数和S值的差异主要是由于无机悬浮物含量和组成的不同导致的;由于藻类含量的差异导致浮游藻类吸收系数在夏季最大,675 nm平均吸收系数为(5.49±3.5)m-1,秋季次之675 nm平均吸收系数为(2.03±1.14)m-1,春季最小,675 nm平均吸收系数为(0.62±0.25)m-1;而有色可溶件有机物(chromophoric dissolved organic matter,CDOM)吸收系数和S值的季节差异性主要是由于其来源的不同,导致其浓度和成分的不同形成的.春、秋季由于无机悬浮物含量较高,非藻类颗粒物对总吸收的贡献大于其他组分,是水体总吸收的主导因子,而夏季由于浮游藻类含量较高,使其成为水下光谱的主要影响因素.     

太湖水体中悬浮颗粒物的比吸收光谱特性及其参数化分析

通过对太湖水体的野外采样,利用定量滤膜技术测量了水体中浮游植物色素的吸收系数(aph(λ))和非色素颗粒物的吸收系数(aNAP(λ)),进而推算比吸收系数.同时,对浮游植物色素和非色素颗粒物的比吸收系数的时空变化特征进行了分析.结果表明,浮游植物色素的比吸收系数(ap*h)在蓝光440nm的变化范围为0.008～0.268m2·mg-1,在红光670nm的变化范围为0.004～0.098m·2mg-1;;通过K-Mean算法将浮游植物色素的比吸收光谱分成3种具有不同光谱特征的类型,类别1、2和3占总数的百分比分别为61.0%、12.2%和26.8%,表明太湖水体中浮游植物色素的比吸收光谱是以类别1为主;;色素包裹效应因子Qa*(675)在Chla浓度<50mg·m-3时,随Chla浓度的增大迅速减小,而在Chla浓度>50mg·m-3时,其减小的趋势趋于缓慢,Qa*(675)与Chla浓度呈现出较好的幂函数关系.非色素颗粒物的比吸收系数(aN*AP)在蓝光440nm处的变化范围为0.012×10-3～0.143×10-3m2·mg-1,利用此处的比吸收系数建立的非色素颗粒物比吸收光谱的参数化模型,光谱曲线斜率...     

太湖悬浮物对水体生态环境的影响及其高光谱反演

利用太湖水质参数数据、水面以下实测光谱数据以及水-气界面辐射传输模型,计算得到了水体漫射衰减系数和水面以上遥感反射比,探讨了悬浮物对水体中营养盐以及水下光照等水体环境因子的影响,在此基础上,利用水面以上遥感反射率建立了悬浮物浓度的定量反演模型.研究结果表明:悬浮物浓度与水体下行漫射衰减系数具有很好的相关性,在可见光波段相关系数达到0.8以上,与真光层深度具有很好的负指数关系;水面以上遥感反射比与悬浮物浓度对数(In(Tss))具有很好的相关性,在500～600nm范围内呈负相关,在620-882nm范围呈正相关,最大负相关出现在522nm附近,最大正相关出现在692nm附近;选用Rra(522nm)、Rra(692nm)以及其比值作为变量建立悬浮物反演模型,得出的单波段线性对数模型能够较好地反演悬浮物浓度.     

滴水湖水系沉积物中多环芳烃的分布及风险评价

2012年,每两个月采集一次上海人工滩涂湖泊——滴水湖水系表层沉积物,检测16种多环芳烃(PAHs)含量.结果表明,滴水湖水系∑PAHs变化范围为74.03~579.20ng/g,平均值为272.55ng/g.其中,闸外引水河[(407.64±6.90)ng/g]≈闸内引水河[(427.99±213.84)ng/g]>滴水湖[(156.33±62.00)ng/g].研究区各点蒽/(蒽+菲)比值均大于0.1,说明PAHs主要来自于石油燃烧源.生态风险评价表明,滴水湖水系沉积物PAHs不存在严重的生态风险,但闸外和闸内引水河沉积物PAHs存在较低几率的潜在风险,湖区沉积物PAHs则无潜在风险.     

Comparative aspects of mountain land resources management and sustainability: Case studies from India and Canada

India and Canada share a common heritage in natural resources management. Both have a colonial background, settlers and indigenous peoples; there is a history of management agencies with utilitarian attitudes, and a history of treating public lands as commodities for commerce rather than as resources for local livelihoods. This historical context guided the overall goal of this study, which was policy development for the sustainable use of mountain environments. Interviews, workshops and seminars were held with local people and resource management professionals in a comparative case study in two regions; the Kullu area in Himachal Pradesh, India and the Arrow Lakes area in British Columbia, Canada. The paper is organized around two main objectives of the work relating to the successes and failures of mountain environment resource management policies and the development of criteria for assessing and monitoring sustainability in mountain environments, in particular, criteria for examining relevant crosscultural dimensions of sustainable development in these environments. By way of conclusion the paper considers further ways in which traditional resource policy development and implementation is being challenged by changing values and priorities; ecosystems management with people; and co-management and public participation.     

Learning sustainable water practices through participatory irrigation management in Thailand

Participatory irrigation management (PIM) was adopted in Thailand in 2004 to encourage the sustainable use of water in the agricultural sector. The research presented in this paper sought to understand the relationships between public participation, learning, and the implementation of more sustainable water practices through PIM in Thailand. Data was collected through document reviews, observation, informal meetings, and a total of 55 semi‐structured face‐to‐face interviews of local irrigators from two case study regions around the Krasiew Reservoir. Results showed that participating in PIM activities facilitated both instrumental (e.g., water supply and demand data, benefits of on‐time water delivery) and communicative (e.g., reasons for past PIM failure, expectations of fellow farmers) learning among PIM participants. Findings also revealed that social action is fostered through the recognition of human dignity and compassionate communication that instils a sense of ownership and solidarity among irrigators. Sustainable water practices among local farmers were spurred further through learning that the reservoir is a finite water source.     

Modeling sediment and nitrogen export from a rural watershed in eastern Canada using the soil and water assessment tool

Watershed simulation models can be used to assess agricultural nonpoint-source pollution and for environmental planning and improvement projects. However, before application of any process-based watershed model, the model performance and reliability must be tested with measured data. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool version 2005 (SWAT2005) was used to model sediment and nitrogen loads from the Thomas Brook Watershed, which drains a 7.84 km rural landscape in the Annapolis Valley of Nova Scotia, Canada. The Thomas Brook SWAT model was comprised of 28 subbasins and 265 hydrologic response units, most of them containing agricultural land use, which is the main nonpoint nitrogen source in the watershed. Crop rotation schedules were incorporated into the model using field data collected within Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada's Watershed Evaluation of Beneficial Management Practices program. Model calibration (2004-2006) and validation (2007-2008) were performed on a monthly basis using continuous stream flow, sediment, and nitrogen export measurements. Model performance was evaluated using the coefficient of determination, Nash-Sutcliff efficiency (NSE), and percent bias (PBIAS) statistics. Study results show that the model performance was satisfactory (NSE > 0.4; > 0.5) for stream flow, sediment, nitrate-nitrogen, and total nitrogen simulations. Annual corn, barley, and wheat yields were also simulated well, with PBIAS values ranging from 0.3 to 7.2%. This evaluation of SWAT demonstrated that the model has the potential to be used as a decision support tool for agricultural watershed management in Nova Scotia.     

Maintaining the Conservation Value of Shifting Cultivation Landscapes Requires Spatially Explicit Interventions

Fallow vegetation within landscapes dominated by shifting cultivation represents a woody species pool of critical importance with considerable potential for biodiversity conservation. Here, through the analysis of factors that influence the early stages of fallow vegetation regrowth in two contrasting forest margin landscapes in Southern Cameroon, we assessed the impact of current trends of land use intensification and expansion of the cultivated areas, upon the conservation potential of shifting cultivation landscapes. We combined the analysis of plot and landscape scale factors and identified a complex set of variables that influence fallow regrowth processes in particular the characteristics of the agricultural matrix and the distance from forest. Overall we observed a decline in the fallow species pool, with composition becoming increasingly dominated by species adapted to recurrent disturbance. It is clear that without intervention and if present intensification trends continue, the potential of fallow vegetation to contribute to biodiversity conservation declines because of a reduced capacity, (1) to recover forest vegetation with anything like its original species composition, (2) to connect less disturbed forest patches for forest dependent organisms. Strategies to combat biodiversity loss, including promotion of agroforestry practices and the increase of old secondary forest cover, will need not only to operate at a landscape scale but also to be spatially explicit, reflecting the spatial pattern of species reservoirs and dispersal strategies and human usage across landscapes.     

A multiple motive perspective on strike propensities

Strike propensities refer to the extent to which union members are willing to engage in strikes. The present paper identifies four motivational explanations for individual propensity to strike: social exchange relationships between member and union, and member and company, economic circumstances, and social status. These four models complement each other, and together permit substantial integration of previous literature as well as suggesting new antecedents of strike propensities. We evaluated each model using survey data from 2548 unionized retail employees. While the economic model explained the most variance in strike propensity, each model accounted for a significant amount of unique variation in the members' strike propensities. Our organizational framework of the motivational explanations of strike propensity into four distinct but complementary motivational models and our addition of new predictor variables represent our study's major contributions. Implications for strike research and union member–union relations are discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于随机森林的阻变型通风网络故障诊断方法*

为了在矿井通风网络发生阻变型故障时,能够快速准确判断出故障位置和故障量,提出1种基于随机森林的通风网络故障位置和故障量诊断方法。利用矿井通风仿真系统IMVS将唐安矿模拟故障生成空间数据集并进行数据预处理,构建基于随机森林的故障诊断模型,并利用该诊断模型对唐安矿矿井通风网络模拟故障位置和故障量进行判断和预测。引用多种方法对模型进行度量,通过唐安矿模拟实验验证基于随机森林的故障诊断模型的有效性。将随机森林和决策树的故障诊断准确率进行对比,研究结果表明:随机森林较决策树故障准确率有进一步的提高,并发现故障地点失误诊断多是相邻巷道,在一定程度上工作人员对故障地点的判断并不受其影响。