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71.
Private domestic gardens contribute substantially to the biodiversity of urban areas and benefit human health and well-being.
We previously reported a study of 267 gardens across five cities in the United Kingdom in which variation in geographical
and climatic factors had little bearing on the richness, diversity and composition of plant species. We therefore hypothesise
that garden management is an important factor in determining garden characteristics. Here, from the same sample of gardens,
we investigate potential associations between the uses to which people put their gardens, the types of management activities
they undertake, and the characteristics of those gardens. Householders (n = 265) completed a questionnaire detailing various aspects of garden use and management activities. The majority of respondents
used their gardens chiefly for relaxation, recreation, and eating. Fewer than one fifth included “gardening” amongst their
garden uses even though all performed some garden management, suggesting that not all management activity resulted from an
interest in gardening. Garden-watering and lawn-mowing were the most prevalent activities and were predictors of other types
of management including weeding, vegetation-cutting, leaf-collection, and dead-heading flowers. A number of these activities
were associated with one another, the richness and composition of plant species, and the number of land uses in gardens. However,
relationships between management activities and the amount of tall vegetation were less consistent, and garden management
appeared to be independent of garden area. More species of amphibians, birds, and mammals were observed in gardens with ponds
and in which efforts were made to attract wildlife, particularly by providing drinking water. This study supports the hypothesis
that garden use and management is associated with garden characteristics. 相似文献
72.
Donald B. Thompson 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2011,24(2):165-194
The term natural is effective in the marketing of a wide variety of foods. This ambiguous term carries important meaning in Western culture.
To challenge an uncritical understanding of natural with respect to food and to explore the ambiguity of the term, the development of Western ideas of nature is first discussed. Personification and hypostasization of nature are given special emphasis. Leo Marx’s idea of the pastoral
design in literature is then used to explore the meaning of natural as applied to food, emphasizing Marx’s distinction between
a sentimental and a complex pastoral. The latter is applied to natural as a means of collapsing a dichotomy of man and nature to the idea of second nature. From this perspective an understanding of the industrialization of the food system and the importance of local and organic
food are considered. The extent to which processed foods might properly be considered natural is raised and discussed for
several common foods. Although marketing of natural foods might make us think that we consume nature, I suggest that what
is consumed is more appropriately second nature. I suggest that in order to maintain a critical perspective about one’s relationship
to the natural world, everyone should make an attempt to experience the complex pastoral with respect to at least something
that is consumed as food. When nature is understood as second nature in the context of a complex pastoral, the question of
whether a food or ingredient is to be considered natural is replaced by deliberative thought based on our best knowledge and
judgment, and the result will be less constrained by ideology. 相似文献
73.
Lam N Nicas M Ruiz-Mercado I Thompson LM Romero C Smith KR 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2011,13(8):2172-2181
The use of wood-fired steam baths, or temazcales, is a potentially dangerous source of CO exposure in Guatemalan Highland communities where adults and children use them regularly for bathing, relaxation, and healing purposes. Physical characteristics of children predispose them to absorb CO faster than adults, placing them at greater exposure and health risks. Efforts to quantify temazcal exposures across all age groups, however, have been hampered by the limitations in exposure measurement methods. In this pilot study we measured COHb levels in children and adults following use of the temazcal using three field-based, non-invasive CO measurement methods: CO-oximetry, exhaled breath, and by estimation of COHb using micro-environmental concentrations and time diaries. We then performed a brief comparison of methods. Average CO concentrations measured during temazcal use were 661 ± 503 ppm, approximately 10 times the 15 min WHO guideline. Average COHb levels for all participants ranged from 12-14% (max of 30%, min 2%), depending on the method. COHb levels measured in children were not significantly different from adults despite the fact that they spent 66% less time exposed. COHb measured by CO-oximetry and exhaled breath had good agreement, but precision of the former was affected substantially by random instrument error. The version of the field CO-oximeter device used in this pilot could be useful in screening for acute CO exposure events in children but may lack the precision for monitoring the burden from less extreme, but more day-to-day CO exposures (e.g. indoor solid fuel use). In urban settings, health effects in children and adults have been associated with chronic exposure to ambient CO concentrations much lower than measured in this study. Future research should focus on reducing exposure from temazcales through culturally appropriate modifications to their design and practices, and targeted efforts to educate communities on the health risks they pose and actions they can take to reduce this risk. 相似文献
74.
Christopher James Lemieux Jessica Thompson D. Scott Slocombe Rudy Schuster 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》2015,58(4):654-677
It has been argued that regional collaboration can facilitate adaptation to climate change impacts through integrated planning and management. In an attempt to understand the underlying institutional factors that either support or contest this assumption, this paper explores the institutional factors influencing adaptation to climate change at the regional scale, where multiple public land and natural resource management jurisdictions are involved. Insights from two mid-western US case studies reveal that several challenges to collaboration persist and prevent fully integrative multi-jurisdictional adaptation planning at a regional scale. We propose that some of these challenges, such as lack of adequate time, funding and communication channels, be reframed as opportunities to build interdependence, identify issue-linkages and collaboratively explore the nature and extent of organisational trade-offs with respect to regional climate change adaptation efforts. Such a reframing can better facilitate multi-jurisdictional adaptation planning and management of shared biophysical resources generally while simultaneously enhancing organisational capacity to mitigate negative effects and take advantage of potentially favourable future conditions in an era characterised by rapid climate change. 相似文献
75.
Hasti Daraei Kimia Toolabian Ian Thompson Guanglei Qiu 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering》2022,16(2):19
76.
Christine E. Thacker Andrew R. Thompson Dawn M. Roje Emily Y. Shaw 《Marine Biology》2008,153(3):375-385
Species of the reef goby genus Gnatholepis exhibit enormous geographic ranges with little evidence of population segregation detectable based on mitochondrial DNA.
To determine if genetic differentiation is evident with more rapidly evolving markers, seven microsatellite loci were screened
from the species Gnatholepis anjerensis and G. scapulostigma and population segregation was tested among fish from across the South Pacific. Both AMOVA and pairwise F
ST analyses showed that, in concordance with previous mitochondrial results, most genetic variance occurs within individual
populations, as population differentiation is evident only over the largest distances (>3,700 km). This result is contrasted
with previous studies demonstrating that despite their relatively long larval periods, some gobiid fishes exhibit population
differentiation on small (<100 km) geographic scales. Coalescence analysis showed that current Pacific populations of these
species originated in the Pleistocene, presumably related to sea level fluctuations associated with episodes of glaciation.
However, rate analysis based on a phylogeny of Gnatholepis species indicates that the species themselves are much older, consistent with a complex history of rapid, short-term population
contractions and expansions, with corresponding rapid dispersal. 相似文献
77.
78.
Meta-analysis: trophic level, habitat, and productivity shape the food web effects of resource subsidies 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Studies of the effects of cross-habitat resource subsidies have been a feature of food web ecology over the past decade. To date, most studies have focused on demonstrating the magnitude of a subsidy or documenting its effect in the recipient habitat. Ecologists have yet to develop a satisfactory framework for predicting the magnitude of these effects. We used 115 data sets from 32 studies to compare consumer responses to resource subsidies across recipient habitat type, trophic level, and functional group. Changes in consumer density or biomass in response to subsidies were inconsistent across habitats, trophic, and functional groups. Responses in stream cobble bar and coastline habitats were larger than in other habitats. Contrary to expectation, the magnitude of consumer response was not affected by recipient habitat productivity or the ratio of productivity between donor and recipient habitats. However, consumer response was significantly related to the ratio of subsidy resources to equivalent resources in the recipient habitat. Broad contrasts in productivity are modified by subsidy type, vector, and the physical and biotic characteristics of both donor and recipient habitats. For this reason, the ratio of subsidy to equivalent resources is a more useful tool for predicting the possible effect of a subsidy than coarser contrasts of in situ productivity. The commonness of subsidy effects suggests that many ecosystems need to be studied as open systems. 相似文献
79.
Cladocerans (or water-fleas) are important animals in freshwater exosystems. They are widely used in toxicity tests because of their small size, ease of culture, and sensitivity to chemicals. They are particularly suited to life-cycle tests because newly-hatched young can produce offspring in less than one week. Most data are available for European and North American species, and may be not be appropriate to Australian conditions. In the present study, eight Australian cladocerans were evaluated in three-brood life-cycle tests over ten days or less. Species were evaluated by duration of life cycle, ease of handling, numbers of young produced in three broods, and stability in laboratory culture.Ceriodaphnia cfdubia was the best test species. The greatest number of young, the highest survival rate and the shortest time to produce three broods were achieved in filtered Sydney mains water, aged in the presence of fish, using blended trout pellets and alfalfa as food. 相似文献
80.
Metal concentrations in seabirds of the New Zealand region 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Lock JW Thompson DR Furness RW Bartle JA 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》1992,75(3):289-300
Concentrations of the heavy metals cadmium, copper, lead, zinc, mercury and, in some individuals, methyl mercury were determined in a range of tissues of 64 tropical, subtropical, subantarctic and antarctic seabird taxa mostly from the New Zealand region. Although apparently natural, levels of cadmium and mercury in some species greatly exceed those known to have toxic effects in some terrestrial birds. Copper and zinc levels exhibited less inter-species variation than the non-essential metals cadmium and mercury. Cadmium concentrations were highest in kidney tissues but uniformly low in feathers. Total mercury concentrations showed most inter-species variation. Mean methyl mercury levels in liver tissues of several large procellariiforms represented less than 5% of the corresponding mean total mercury level. Lead concentrations were generally low or below the limits of detection, but elevated levels were measured in some coastal or scavenging species. In a significant number of species, mean concentrations of liver cadmium and mercury and kidney cadmium were greater in adults than in young birds. The reverse was true for copper. Mean zinc levels in liver did not differ between adults and young. High levels of cadmium in some species seem likely to be due to diet, whereas high levels of mercury probably reflect more closely the moult intervals which constrain the ability of birds to eliminate methyl mercury. 相似文献