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1.
Mia Landauer Sirkku Juhola Johannes Klein 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》2019,62(5):741-765
By using a scale framework, we examine how cross-scale interactions influence the implementation of climate adaptation and mitigation actions in different urban sectors. Based on stakeholder interviews and content analysis of strategies and projects relevant to climate adaptation and mitigation in the cities of Copenhagen and Helsinki, we present empirical examples of synergies, conflicts and trade-offs between adaptation and mitigation that are driven by the cross-scale interactions. These examples show that jurisdictional and institutional scales shape the implementation of adaptation and mitigation strategies, projects and tasks at the management scale, creating benefits of integrated solutions, but also challenges. Investigating the linkages between adaptation and mitigation through a scale framework provides new knowledge for urban climate change planning and decision-making. The results increase the understanding of why adaptation and mitigation are sometimes handled as two separate policy areas and also why attempts to integrate the two policies may fail. 相似文献
2.
Bethune Carmichael Greg Wilson Ivan Namarnyilk Sean Nadji Jacqueline Cahill Deanne Bird 《Local Environment》2017,22(10):1197-1216
Since the early 1990s archaeologists have suggested archaeological and cultural heritage sites (cultural sites) will face major challenges from anthropogenic climate change. While techniques to manage such impacts are emerging, no planning tools exist for bottom-up, community-based management of the issue. This paper forms part of an overarching research project that aims to fill this gap by developing a bottom-up planning guide (the Guide). The paper tests the first of the proposed Guide’s five phases: the scoping phase. It presents the results of workshops conducted with two Australian Indigenous rangers groups. While existing studies document Indigenous peoples’ perceptions of climate change in general, none have focussed on their perceptions of impacts on cultural heritage sites. Here, Indigenous rangers related strong perceptions of particular climate change impacts on specific cultural sites in particular bio-regions. While the rangers were actively engaged with sites, they felt site management should be extended in the face of additional threats from climate change. Rangers were able to nominate a preferred methodological approach, based on a risk analysis of biophysical hazards, as well as local adaptive capacity building in the face of governance challenges. Various barriers to adaptation planning and resource limitations were identified but these were not regarded as insurmountable in terms of the current project. Testing of the scoping phase of the Guide suggested rangers had a strong organisational capacity to achieve practical adaptation results. 相似文献
3.
Tony Matthews 《Local Environment》2013,18(10):1089-1103
This paper characterises climate change as a “transformative stressor”. It argues that institutional change will become increasingly necessary as institutions seek to reorientate governance frameworks to better manage the transformative stresses created by climate change in urban environments. Urban and metropolitan planning regimes are identified as central institutions in addressing this challenge. The operationalisation of climate adaptation is identified as a central tenet of a comprehensive urban response to the transformative stresses that climate change is predicted to create. Operationalisation refers to climate adaptation becoming incorporated, codified and implemented as a central tenet of urban planning governance. This paper has three purposes. First, it examines conceptual perspectives on the role of transformative stressors in compelling institutional change. Second, it establishes a conceptual approach that characterises climate change as a transformative stressor requiring institutional change within planning frameworks. Third, it reports emergent results and analysis from an empirical inquiry which examines how the metro-regional planning regime of Southeast Queensland has responded to climate change as a transformative stressor via institutional change and the operationalisation of climate adaptation. 相似文献
4.
Governing Climate Adaptation in the Local Arena: Challenges of Risk Management and Planning in Sweden 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
《Local Environment》2007,12(5):457-469
This paper directs attention to conditions for climate adaptation as an important part of governing climate change in the local arena. Empirical focus is put on attempts to manage flood risks by means of risk management and planning in two Swedish municipalities. Following the need to widen our understanding of how, when and under what conditions climate adaptation occurs, three challenges are particularly emphasized from the case studies: facing the safety vs. scenery conflict where political priorities and reducing societal vulnerabilities prove difficult; the process of deciding what to adapt to, in which the troublesome role of knowledge is striking; and finally, taking responsibility for measures of flood protection. At the end of the paper, analytical generalizations illustrate the need to give increased attention to institutional challenges and challenges emanating from the science-policy interface in order to come to terms with the implementation deficit in governing climate change in the local arena. 相似文献
5.
Joseph D. Daron Darryl R. Colenbrander 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》2015,58(12):2250-2270
Local governments are under pressure to tackle an increasing spectrum of complex contemporary problems, such as climate change, while ensuring multiple stakeholder interests are incorporated into decision processes. Multi-criteria decision tools can assist, but challenges remain in creating an enabling environment for incorporating and balancing different stakeholder perspectives. Here, we draw on interview data and a sensitivity analysis to investigate the use of an evaluation matrix to guide local coastal adaptation decision-making in South Africa. We adopt a participatory action research framework and find that decision-making is influenced by individual, departmental and institutional values that are not adequately captured in the matrix approach. Our study reveals the compromise between achieving broad stakeholder representation and utilising technical expertise, and that altering matrix assumptions can imply different decision outcomes. Suggestions are made to improve multi-criteria decision approaches to better facilitate integrated coastal management in responding to local coastal adaptation challenges. 相似文献
6.
Sofie Storbjörk 《Local Environment》2013,18(5):457-469
Abstract This paper directs attention to conditions for climate adaptation as an important part of governing climate change in the local arena. Empirical focus is put on attempts to manage flood risks by means of risk management and planning in two Swedish municipalities. Following the need to widen our understanding of how, when and under what conditions climate adaptation occurs, three challenges are particularly emphasized from the case studies: facing the safety vs. scenery conflict where political priorities and reducing societal vulnerabilities prove difficult; the process of deciding what to adapt to, in which the troublesome role of knowledge is striking; and finally, taking responsibility for measures of flood protection. At the end of the paper, analytical generalizations illustrate the need to give increased attention to institutional challenges and challenges emanating from the science–policy interface in order to come to terms with the implementation deficit in governing climate change in the local arena. 相似文献
7.
The institutional structure and public service delivery apparatus required to meet the future effects of climate change already exist in Norway. However, there are huge challenges in coordinating these institutions at different authority levels for climate change adaptation purposes. Based upon a broad case study, this article presents how local actors consider the multi-level coordination of different levels of government and policy sectors to function today, which are the mechanisms that are used and what are the coordination challenges that are identified. Based upon the challenges revealed, this article discusses how best can the government-level institutions be organised for better goal attainment. We argue here that the elected regional level in Norway – the counties – has a huge potential to act as a multi-level coordination actor. 相似文献
8.
Tara Kolar Bryan 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》2016,59(4):573-586
Political inaction at the federal level in the United States has driven increased attention to the importance of planning for climate change at the metropolitan level. This study reports on a survey of 25 regional councils in the United States that measures the extent to which they have adopted climate change plans and to identify the factors that influence their ability to implement climate change initiatives. The findings revealed that a majority of regional councils are involved in planning for and seeking to reduce climate change, and that existing efforts in complementary policy domains make this involvement possible. The findings support a multi-level framework to assess the institutional capacity of regional councils to implement climate change policy and planning in a metropolitan area. 相似文献
9.
Liz Root Erwin van der Krabben Tejo Spit 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》2015,58(4):701-718
Based on a case study of the Stadshaven port redevelopment in Rotterdam, this paper explores whether existing spatial planning mechanisms and processes can be used to facilitate local-level investment in climate-resilient public infrastructure and/or whether new processes and mechanisms are required to encourage investment in climate adaptation. The study reveals several key findings. First, a lack of conventional funding sources or formalised regulatory framework allowed room for experimentation with existing mechanisms and flexible strategies. Second, project planners are currently ambivalent towards introducing new mechanisms as a means to overcome implementation challenges. The case provides evidence about the role of the governance process, not simply as a means of system coordination that exists in isolation from institutional norms and values, but rather as a space for innovation, which can contribute towards reducing the financial gap associated with climate adaptation. 相似文献
10.
Ecosystems, though impacted by global environmental change, can also contribute to the adaptation and mitigation of such large
scale changes. Therefore, sustainable ecosystem management is crucial in reaching a sustainable future for the biosphere.
Based on the published literature and publicly accessible data, this paper discussed the status and trends of forest, grassland,
and wetland ecosystems in China that play important roles in the ecological integrity and human welfare of the nation. Ecological
degradation has been observed in these ecosystems at various levels and geographic locations. Biophysical (e.g., climate change)
and socioeconomic factors (e.g., intensive human use) are the main reasons for ecosystem degradation with the latter factors
serving as the dominant driving forces. The three broad categories of ecosystems in China have partially recovered from degradation
thanks to large scale ecological restoration projects implemented in the last few decades. China, as the largest and most
populated developing nation, still faces huge challenges regarding ecosystem management in a changing and globalizing world.
To further improve ecosystem management in China, four recommendations were proposed, including: (1) advance ecosystem management
towards an application-oriented, multidisciplinary science; (2) establish a well-functioning national ecological monitoring
and data sharing mechanism; (3) develop impact and effectiveness assessment approaches for policies, plans, and ecological
restoration projects; and (4) promote legal and institutional innovations to balance the intrinsic needs of ecological and
socioeconomic systems. Any change in China’s ecosystem management approach towards a more sustainable one will benefit the
whole world. Therefore, international collaborations on ecological and environmental issues need to be expanded. 相似文献
11.
Dorthe Hedensted Lund 《Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning》2018,20(5):632-644
Urban areas worldwide are challenged by climate change and urban flooding. Within the academic literature, adaptive measures that can be integrated into other issues such as recreation, nature reserves, and social issues are considered the way forward. Adaptation has recently become a mandatory planning theme for Danish municipalities, which in the absence of established practices are struggling to find the best institutional set-up to address adaptation as an integrated issue. Based on a case study of an integrated project organised as a partnership, this article identifies and discusses governance challenges that must be addressed if municipalities are to benefit from synergies through integrated projects. The municipality in question has established a partnership with housing organisations, foundations, and a utility company as well as facilitated a dialogue with citizens and institutions to address flooding threats and social issues at the neighbourhood scale. Because of strong political and leadership support, funding from partners, and good project facilitation both partners and politicians are enthusiastic about the project and its potential. Several challenges, however, needed to be addressed, particularly in relation to clashing norms from different governance paradigms. This is an issue requiring more attention both in research and practice. 相似文献
12.
Assessing the impact of climate change on species and associated management objectives is a critical initial step for engaging
in the adaptation planning process. Multiple approaches are available. While all possess limitations to their application
associated with the uncertainties inherent in the data and models that inform their results, conducting and incorporating
impact assessments into the adaptation planning process at least provides some basis for making resource management decisions
that are becoming inevitable in the face of rapidly changing climate. Here we provide a non-exhaustive review of long-standing
(e.g., species distribution models) and newly developed (e.g., vulnerability indices) methods used to anticipate the response
to climate change of individual species as a guide for managers grappling with how to begin the climate change adaptation
process. We address the limitations (e.g., uncertainties in climate change projections) associated with these methods, and
other considerations for matching appropriate assessment approaches with the management questions and goals. Thorough consideration
of the objectives, scope, scale, time frame and available resources for a climate impact assessment allows for informed method
selection. With many data sets and tools available on-line, the capacity to undertake and/or benefit from existing species
impact assessments is accessible to those engaged in resource management. With some understanding of potential impacts, even
if limited, adaptation planning begins to move toward the development of management strategies and targeted actions that may
help to sustain functioning ecosystems and their associated services into the future. 相似文献
13.
Brad Griffith J. Michael Scott Robert Adamcik Daniel Ashe Brian Czech Robert Fischman Patrick Gonzalez Joshua Lawler A. David McGuire Anna Pidgorna 《Environmental management》2009,44(6):1043-1052
Since its establishment in 1903, the National Wildlife Refuge System (NWRS) has grown to 635 units and 37 Wetland Management
Districts in the United States and its territories. These units provide the seasonal habitats necessary for migratory waterfowl
and other species to complete their annual life cycles. Habitat conversion and fragmentation, invasive species, pollution,
and competition for water have stressed refuges for decades, but the interaction of climate change with these stressors presents
the most recent, pervasive, and complex conservation challenge to the NWRS. Geographic isolation and small unit size compound
the challenges of climate change, but a combined emphasis on species that refuges were established to conserve and on maintaining
biological integrity, diversity, and environmental health provides the NWRS with substantial latitude to respond. Individual
symptoms of climate change can be addressed at the refuge level, but the strategic response requires system-wide planning.
A dynamic vision of the NWRS in a changing climate, an explicit national strategic plan to implement that vision, and an assessment
of representation, redundancy, size, and total number of units in relation to conservation targets are the first steps toward
adaptation. This adaptation must begin immediately and be built on more closely integrated research and management. Rigorous
projections of possible futures are required to facilitate adaptation to change. Furthermore, the effective conservation footprint
of the NWRS must be increased through land acquisition, creative partnerships, and educational programs in order for the NWRS
to meet its legal mandate to maintain the biological integrity, diversity, and environmental health of the system and the
species and ecosystems that it supports. 相似文献
14.
This paper investigates the extent and the nature of how the urban planning literature has addressed climate change adaptation. It presents a longitudinal study of 157 peer-reviewed articles published from 2000 to 2013 in the leading urban planning and design journals whose selection considered earlier empirical studies that ranked them these journals. The findings reveal that the years 2006–07 represent a turning point, after which climate change studies appear more prominently and consistently in the urban planning and design literature; however, the majority of these studies address climate change mitigation rather than adaptation. Most adaptation studies deal with governance, social learning, and vulnerability assessments, while paying little attention to physical planning and urban design interventions. This paper identifies four gaps that pertain to the lack of interdisciplinary linkages, the absence of knowledge transfer, the presence of scale conflict, and the dearth of participatory research methods. It then advocates for the advancement of participatory and collaborative action research to meet the multifaceted challenges of climate change. 相似文献
15.
Guiding Climate Change Adaptation Within Vulnerable Natural Resource Management Systems 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Climate change has the potential to compromise the sustainability of natural resources in Mediterranean climatic systems,
such that short-term reactive responses will increasingly be insufficient to ensure effective management. There is a simultaneous
need for both the clear articulation of the vulnerabilities of specific management systems to climate risk, and the development
of appropriate short- and long-term strategic planning responses that anticipate environmental change or allow for sustainable
adaptive management in response to trends in resource condition. Governments are developing climate change adaptation policy
frameworks, but without the recognition of the importance of responding strategically, regional stakeholders will struggle
to manage future climate risk. In a partnership between the South Australian Government, the Adelaide and Mt Lofty Ranges
Natural Resource Management Board and the regional community, a range of available research approaches to support regional
climate change adaptation decision-making, were applied and critically examined, including: scenario modelling; applied and
participatory Geographical Information Systems modelling; environmental risk analysis; and participatory action learning.
As managers apply ideas for adaptation within their own biophysical and socio-cultural contexts, there would be both successes
and failures, but a learning orientation to societal change will enable improvements over time. A base-line target for regional
responses to climate change is the ownership of the issue by stakeholders, which leads to an acceptance that effective actions
to adapt are now both possible and vitally important. Beyond such baseline knowledge, the research suggests that there is
a range of tools from the social and physical sciences available to guide adaptation decision-making. 相似文献
16.
Melissa Nursey-Bray 《Local Environment》2017,22(2):156-171
Conflict is an important factor in ongoing climate change debates and its role in management is under increasing scrutiny. In this paper, I present the results of an advanced discourse analysis that analyses trends in the relationship between conflict and climate change. I present two primary discourses dominate discussion: (i) climate as a security risk and (ii) climate as one of many factors affecting power relations that may lead to conflict. Both narratives implicitly or explicitly discuss climate conflict as a cause–outcome relationship, and further primarily construct conflict and climate change within normative frames. Yet, conflict has transformative potential and can be incorporated into management in ways that harness its capacity to drive innovation and lead to more robust and just adaptive governance. I argue for a shift in the discursive frame from a cause– outcome-oriented approach to a process-driven approach, one that treats conflict as an integral part of adaptive governance processes, thus being more just and equitable. Such a shift in focus can lead to positive on ground climate adaptation outcomes, in ways that respect rather than are counter-intuitive to dominant political and societal imbalances and institutional structures. 相似文献
17.
Silvia Serrao-Neumann Ben Harman Anne Leitch Darryl Low Choy 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》2015,58(7):1196-1216
Public participation in decision making is a central component of the planning process; however, implementing effective engagement initiatives to resolve complex planning and policy problems, such as climate change, is challenging for planners. These challenges are particularly acute in coastal communities throughout Australia, where many settlements are at risk of future climate perturbations. Using the International Association for Public Participation framework for public participation, we analyse three local government led public participation initiatives in New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania, Australia. Our analysis suggests there are three critical factors that can influence the level of public participation in the context of climate change adaptation: the technocratic approach to decision making; absent high order government support; and the lack of evaluation mechanisms for public participation. 相似文献
18.
Although the impacts of federalism on environmental policy-making are still contested, many policy analysts emphasise its advantages in climate policy-making. This applies to the mitigation of climate change, in particular when federal governments (as in the U.S.) are inactive. More recently, federalism is also expected to empower sub-national actors in adapting to local impacts of climate change. The present paper analyses the role federalism in Austria played in greening the decentralised building sector (relevant for mitigation) on the one hand, and in improving regional flood risk management (relevant for adaptation) on the other. In line with the so-called matching school of the environmental federalism research strand we conclude that Austrian federalism proved to be more appropriate for regional flood protection than for mitigating climate change. We highlight that it is not federalism per se but federalism embedded in various contextual factors that shape environmental policy-making. Among these factors are the spatial scale of an environmental problem, the nitty-gritty of polity systems, and national politics (such as federal positions on climate change mitigation). 相似文献
19.
Climate change will pose increasingly significant challenges to managers of parks and other forms of protected areas around
the world. Over the past two decades, numerous scientific publications have identified potential adaptations, but their suitability
from legal, policy, financial, internal capacity, and other management perspectives has not been evaluated for any protected
area agency or organization. In this study, a panel of protected area experts applied a Policy Delphi methodology to identify
and evaluate climate change adaptation options across the primary management areas of a protected area agency in Canada. The
panel identified and evaluated one hundred and sixty five (165) adaptation options for their perceived desirability and feasibility.
While the results revealed a high level of agreement with respect to the desirability of adaptation options and a moderate
level of capacity pertaining to policy formulation and management direction, a perception of low capacity for implementation
in most other program areas was identified. A separate panel of senior park agency decision-makers used a multiple criterion
decision-facilitation matrix to further evaluate the institutional feasibility of the 56 most desirable adaptation options
identified by the initial expert panel and to prioritize them for consideration in a climate change action plan. Critically,
only two of the 56 adaptation options evaluated by senior decision-makers were deemed definitely implementable, due largely
to fiscal and internal capacity limitations. These challenges are common to protected area agencies in developed countries
and pervade those in developing countries, revealing that limited adaptive capacity represents a substantive barrier to biodiversity
conservation and other protected area management objectives in an era of rapid climate change. 相似文献
20.
Linda A. Joyce Geoffrey M. Blate Steven G. McNulty Constance I. Millar Susanne Moser Ronald P. Neilson David L. Peterson 《Environmental management》2009,44(6):1022-1032
This study explores potential adaptation approaches in planning and management that the United States Forest Service might
adopt to help achieve its goals and objectives in the face of climate change. Availability of information, vulnerability of
ecological and socio-economic systems, and uncertainties associated with climate change, as well as the interacting non-climatic
changes, influence selection of the adaptation approach. Resource assessments are opportunities to develop strategic information
that could be used to identify and link adaptation strategies across planning levels. Within a National Forest, planning must
incorporate the opportunity to identify vulnerabilities to climate change as well as incorporate approaches that allow management
adjustments as the effects of climate change become apparent. The nature of environmental variability, the inevitability of
novelty and surprise, and the range of management objectives and situations across the National Forest System implies that
no single approach will fit all situations. A toolbox of management options would include practices focused on forestalling
climate change effects by building resistance and resilience into current ecosystems, and on managing for change by enabling
plants, animals, and ecosystems to adapt to climate change. Better and more widespread implementation of already known practices
that reduce the impact of existing stressors represents an important “no regrets” strategy. These management opportunities
will require agency consideration of its adaptive capacity, and ways to overcome potential barriers to these adaptation options. 相似文献