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81.
The 1994 Northridge, California earthquake has proven to be one of the most costly disasters in United States history. Federal and state assistance programmes received some 681,000 applications from victims for various forms of relief. In spite of the flow of US$11 billion in federal assistance into Los Angeles and Ventura counties, many victims have failed to obtain adequate relief. These unmet needs relate to the vulnerability of particular class and ethnic groups. In response to unmet needs, a number of non-governmental organisations (NGOs) have become involved in the recovery process. This paper, based on evidence collected from hundreds of in-depth interviews with the people involved, examines the activities of several community-based organisations (CBOs) and other NGOs as they have attempted to assist vulnerable people with unmet post-disaster needs. We discuss two small ethnically diverse communities in Ventura County, on the periphery of the Los Angeles metropolitan region. The earthquake and resultant disaster declaration provided an opportunity for local government and NGOs to acquire federal resources not normally available for economic development. At the same time the earthquake created political openings in which longer-term issues of community development could be addressed by various local stakeholders. A key issue in recovery has been the availability of affordable housing for those on low incomes, particularly Latinos, the elderly and farm workers. We discuss the successes and limitations of CBOs and NGOs as mechanisms for dealing with vulnerable populations, unmet needs and recovery issues in the two communities. 相似文献
82.
Robert?W.?ElnerEmail author Peter?G.?Beninger Daniel?L.?Jackson Tracy?M.?Potter 《Marine Biology》2005,146(6):1223-1234
83.
Distributed process modeling for regional assessment of coastal vulnerability to sea-level rise 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Brett Bryan Nick Harvey Tony Belperio Bob Bourman 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》2001,6(1):57-65
Sea-level rise involves increases in the coastal processes of inundation and erosion which are affected by a complex interplay of physical environmental parameters at the coast. Many assessments of coastal vulnerability to sea-level rise have been detailed and localised in extent. There is a need for regional assessment techniques which identify areas vulnerable to sea-level rise. Four physical environmental parameters – elevation, exposure, aspect and slope, are modeled on a regional scale for the Northern Spencer Gulf (NSG) study area using commonly available low-resolution elevation data of 10 m contour interval and GIS-based spatial modeling techniques. For comparison, the same parameters are modeled on a fine-scale for the False Bay area within the NSG using high-resolution elevation data. Physical environmental parameters on the two scales are statistically compared to coastal vulnerability classes as identified by Harvey et al. [1] using the Spearman rank-correlation test and stepwise linear regression. Coastal vulnerability is strongly correlated with elevation and exposure at both scales and this relationship is only slightly stronger for the high resolution False Bay data. The results of this study suggest that regional scale distributed coastal process modeling may be suitable as a first cut in assessing coastal vulnerability to sea-level rise in tide-dominated, sedimentary coastal regions. Distributed coastal process modeling provides a suitable basis for the assessment of coastal vulnerability to sea-level rise of sufficient accuracy for on-ground management and priority-setting on a regional scale. 相似文献
84.
The Great Basin Desert lies between the Sierra Nevada Mountains to the west and the Rocky Mountains to the east. Nearly 60%
of the area’s deserts and mountains (roughly 30 million ha) are managed by the U. S. Department of Interior’s Bureau of Land
Management. This area is characterized by low annual precipitation, diverse desert plant communities, and local economies
that depend on the products (livestock grazing, recreation, mining, etc.) produced by these lands. The ecological and economic
stability of the Great Basin is increasingly at risk due to the expansion of fire-prone invasive species and increase in wildfires.
To stem this loss of productivity and diversity in the Great Basin, the BLM initiated the “Great Basin Restoration Initiative”
in 1999 after nearly 0.7 million ha of the Great Basin burned in wildfires. The objective of the Great Basin Restoration Initiative
is to restore plant community diversity and structure by improving resiliency to disturbance and resistance to invasive species
over the long-term. To accomplish this objective, a strategic plan has been developed that emphasizes local participation
and reliance on appropriate science to ensure that restoration is accomplished in an economical and ecologically appropriate
manner. If restoration in the Great Basin is not successful, desertification and the associated loss of economic stability
and ecological integrity will continue to threaten the sustainability of natural resources and people in the Great Basin. 相似文献
85.
Forest to reclaimed mine land use change leads to altered ecosystem structure and function. 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Jeffrey A Simmons William S Currie Keith N Eshleman Karen Kuers Susan Monteleone Tim L Negley Bob R Pohlad Carolyn L Thomas 《Ecological applications》2008,18(1):104-118
The United States' use of coal results in many environmental alterations. In the Appalachian coal belt region, one widespread alteration is conversion of forest to reclaimed mineland. The goal of this study was to quantify the changes to ecosystem structure and function associated with a conversion from forest to reclaimed mine grassland by comparing a small watershed containing a 15-year-old reclaimed mine with a forested, reference watershed in western Maryland. Major differences were apparent between the two watersheds in terms of biogeochemistry. Total C, N, and P pools were all substantially lower at the mined site, mainly due to the removal of woody biomass but also, in the case of P, to reductions in soil pools. Mineral soil C, N, and P pools were 96%, 79%, and 69% of native soils, respectively. Although annual runoff from the watersheds was similar, the mined watershed exhibited taller, narrower storm peaks as a result of a higher soil bulk density and decreased infiltration rates. Stream export of N was much lower in the mined watershed due to lower net nitrification rates and nitrate concentrations in soil. However, stream export of sediment and P and summer stream temperature were much higher. Stream leaf decomposition was reduced and macroinvertebrate community structure was altered as a result of these changes to the stream environment. This land use change leads to substantial, long-term changes in ecosystem capital and function. 相似文献
86.
87.
Dutta Mayuri Bora Jyotismita Chetia Bolin 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2023,30(6):13867-13908
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Developing a novel, simple, and cost-effective analytical technique with high enrichment capacity and selectivity is crucial for environmental... 相似文献
88.
随着生物除磷脱氮工艺的大量使用,初沉池的设置和取消一直在学术和工程界存在争议。以重庆市某污水厂为对象,从对无机悬浮固体(ISS)、COD和TN去除效果的角度探讨了初沉池在污水处理系统的重要性。研究结果表明,在合流制排水体制下,该污水厂进水污染物浓度非常高,COD、SS和ISS的平均浓度分别为560、1 100和780 mg/L;初沉池对COD、SS和ISS的去除率分别为61%、78%和85%,对ISS的去除率比COD高20%左右;污水经过初沉池沉淀之后,ISS/COD从1.7下降到0.7左右,COD/TN从8.0左右下降到4.3,粒径由40μm下降到30μm。初沉池对大粒径的ISS具有较好的去除效果,未能被去除的小粒径ISS容易悬浮在混合液中,降低MLVSS/MLSS。从ISS/COD的削减和保持混合液MLVSS/MLSS正常的角度来讲,初沉池不应取消。 相似文献
89.
Massimo?TavoniEmail author Bob?van der?Zwaan 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》2011,16(5):431-440
In this paper, we analyze the relative importance and mutual behavior of two competing base-load electricity generation options
that each are capable of contributing significantly to the abatement of global CO2 emissions: nuclear energy and coal-based power production complemented with CO2 capture and storage (CCS). We also investigate how, in scenarios developed with an integrated assessment model that simulates
the economics of a climate-constrained world, the prospects for nuclear energy would change if exogenous limitations on the
spread of nuclear technology were relaxed. Using the climate change economics model World Induced Technical Change Hybrid,
we find that until 2050 the growth rates of nuclear electricity generation capacity would become comparable to historical
rates observed during the 1980s. Given that nuclear energy continues to face serious challenges and contention, we inspect
how extensive the improvements of coal-based power equipped with CCS technology would need to be if our economic optimization
model is to significantly scale down the construction of new nuclear power plants. 相似文献
90.
Topi K. Lehtonen Bob B. M. Wong P. Andreas Svensson Axel Meyer 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2011,65(4):613-619
In many taxa, parental strategies can vary among individuals. This is especially true in species with biparental care, with
males, more often than females, deserting their mates. While there is an abundance of theoretical predictions and empirical
data on factors inducing mate abandonment by males, much less is known about what consequences this may have on female behaviour,
particularly in the field and in non-avian systems. Here, we compared brood defence rate, behavioural defence types, and brood
success of solitary and paired females in two species of Neotropical cichlid fish in their natural habitat. In terms of the
rate of territorial aggression towards potential brood predators, solitary females were able to fully compensate in the absence
of a male but, in so doing, ended up maintaining smaller territories, which appeared to compromise offspring fitness in at
least one of the two species. Hence, our results suggest that even extensive quantitative compensation in parental effort
by solitary females may not be enough to ensure adequate qualitative compensation for the lack of male participation, highlighting
the importance of distinguishing between these two aspects of compensatory parental care. 相似文献