Predator hunting mode and habitat domain alter nonconsumptive effects in predator-prey interactions

Predators can affect prey populations through changes in traits that reduce predation risk. These trait changes (nonconsumptive effects, NCEs) can be energetically costly and cause reduced prey activity, growth, fecundity, and survival. The strength of nonconsumptive effects may vary with two functional characteristics of predators: hunting mode (actively hunting, sit-and-pursue, sit-and-wait) and habitat domain (the ability to pursue prey via relocation in space; can be narrow or broad). Specifically, cues from fairly stationary sit-and-wait and sit-and-pursue predators should be more indicative of imminent predation risk, and thereby evoke stronger NCEs, compared to cues from widely ranging actively hunting predators. Using a meta-analysis of 193 published papers, we found that cues from sit-and-pursue predators evoked stronger NCEs than cues from actively hunting predators. Predator habitat domain was less indicative of NCE strength, perhaps because habitat domain provides less reliable information regarding imminent risk to prey than does predator hunting mode. Given the importance of NCEs in determining the dynamics of prey communities, our findings suggest that predator characteristics may be used to predict how changing predator communities translate into changes in prey. Such knowledge may prove particularly useful given rates of local predator change due to habitat fragmentation and the introduction of novel predators.     

微囊藻毒素-LR完全抗原的设计及制备

从偶联位点、偶联剂、载体蛋白和偶联步骤等分析出发,设计了微囊藻毒素-LR (Microcystin-LR ,MC-LR)完全抗原的制备方法.在半抗原分子第7位氨基酸分子上引进1个自由的氨基;再用戊二醛2步法将此中间产物(H₂N-etMC-LR)分别与BSA和OVA偶联.中间产物和偶联产物分别经固相萃取和透析纯化后,经SDS凝胶电泳、紫外扫描及生物质谱技术鉴定,结果表明MC-LR与BSA的平均偶联比能达到5以上,满足了进一步免疫的要求.     

地应力相对测量干扰影响的正交试验

运用正交试验法开展地应力相对测量干扰影响的试验(L_(25)(5~6)、L_(27)(3~(13))、L_(81)(3~(40))),以便各种干扰因子水平在均衡搭配下进行综合比较,求取一系因子对测值的影响系数和不同测试系统的噪声水平,从而可以采取相应的排除干扰措施。正交设计法对不同监测手段的试验具有通用性。     

灾难危急时刻的管理

灾难危急时刻的管理往往是出乎于原有的抗灾计划的。研究发现,成功的灾害管理主要来源于应急组织的作用,特别是当管理中存在着信息交流、职权行使和协调发展等方面的问题时更是如此。事先的救灾计划可以减少但却不能完全消除这些管理上的问题。     

利用固定层煤气发生炉处理甲醇废水

本文简介了用驯化菌种生化处理和用固定层煤气发生炉处理含3%甲醇废水的技术。试验表明,用煤气炉处理含3%甲醇废水的方法可行,效益显著,每年可节约标煤191.52吨,价值1.15万元.节约软水79111吨,价值2.3万元以上,不到一年可收回工程投资(1.52万元);运行测定表明,不产生二次污染,煤气炉外排气中含甲醇量为3—6毫克/米~3,说明该法是综合处理甲醇废水的一条有效途径。     

Deposition of motor vehicle emissions and winter maintenance along roadside assessed by snow analyses

A vertical snow-sampling method, where a sample was taken throughout the snowpack, was used to estimate the pollutant load on a roadside where average daily traffic density was about 9100 motor vehicles. The snow samples were collected at two sites, forest and open field, at two distances of 10 and 30 m from the road. The concentrations of inorganic anions (Cl(-), NO(-)(3), SO(2-)(4)), total N, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated phenols (PCPhs) were analysed. The results suggest that on roadsides there is a deposition caused by road traffic emissions and winter maintenance which exceeds normal background deposition. Inorganic anions mainly in particle form, originating from winter maintenance, are deposited near the road. PAHs with low molecular weight (相似文献   

光催化材料在环保领域中的应用进展

光催化氧化材料能有效地降解有机污染物，已成为研究的热点。综述了光催化材料的反应机理和种类，阐述了影响光催化反应的条件和提高反应的效率等问题以及其在环保领域的应用，并提出了其今后的发展方向。