臭氧氧化苯乙烯有机气体性能及机制

采用臭氧高级氧化处理高浓度苯乙烯有机废气，研究了进气苯乙烯浓度、臭氧浓度、停留时间、O₃/C₈H₈摩尔比对苯乙烯去除效率的影响。研究结果表明，臭氧氧化能有效净化苯乙烯有机废气，苯乙烯去除效率可达66.6%。适宜运行条件为：停留时间为3.6 s，O₃/C₈H₈摩尔比为0.46。采用GC-MS分析臭氧氧化苯乙烯出口气样，研究结果表明，苯甲醛（C₆H₅CHO）和苯甲酸（C₆H₅COOH）为臭氧氧化苯乙烯的中间产物。臭氧高级氧化苯乙烯机制为苯乙烯气体被臭氧氧化为苯甲醛和苯甲酸，然后继续臭氧氧化为最终产物二氧化碳和水。     

Characteristics and management modes of domestic waste in rural areas of developing countries: a case study of China

A huge accumulation of domestic waste has caused serious environmental contamination in rural areas of developing countries (RADIC). The characteristics and management of domestic waste are carefully discussed, based on field surveys and a literature review. The results indicate that the generation in most of RADIC is less than the median of 0.521 kg day⁻¹ per capita in China, and much smaller than in rural areas of developed countries (RADEC). Organic waste and inert waste with an accumulative mass percentage of 72.31% are dominant components of domestic waste in the rural areas of China. There are trends of increasing amounts of kitchen waste, paper/cardboard, and plastic/rubber and a decreasing trend of ash waste. The RADIC composition of domestic waste had a high content of organic waste and a low content of recyclable waste compared to the RADEC. Domestic waste has good compressibility and a light bulk density ranging from 40 to 650 kg m⁻³. The moisture, ash, combustible, and calorific values of domestic waste were 53.31%, 18.03%, 28.67%, and 5368 kJ kg⁻¹, respectively. The domestic waste has an abundance of nutrients including organic matter (39.05%), nitrogen (1.02%), phosphorus (0.50%), and potassium (1.42%). In RADIC, domestic waste can be used as an agricultural manure only after it has been collected and sorted for the potential risk of heavy metal accumulation. Based on these characteristics of domestic waste and the different situations of rural areas, four waste management modes including centralized treatment, decentralized treatment, group treatment, and mobile treatment are designed and discussed.

     

浅议环境监测数据的审核

环境监测数据的审核工作是整个质量保证体系中最后有效的质量控制手段。针对我国环境监测数据审核现状与存在的问题,将"五性"质量指标贯穿于整个环境监测工作当中,是提升监测数据的审核力度,保证监测数据正确、可靠的有力措施之一。     

川渝地区钻井作业清洁生产技术措施浅析

针对目前钻井作业存在的环境影响问题,提出合理的清洁生产措施,是当前钻井作业环境管理的重要工作内容。通过对川渝地区钻井作业过程中产生的主要污染物及其影响程度分析,提出钻井作业各阶段的清洁生产技术措施,着重对钻井废水、废弃泥浆提出控制、削减措施以及有效的处置方案,减少对周边环境和生态的不利影响,实现绿色勘探开发。     

Aerobic biotransformation of decabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE-209) by Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Aerobic biodegradation of decabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE-209) by Pseudomonas aeruginosa under the influence of co-metabolic substrates and heavy metal cadmium ion was studied, The results showed that certain amount of co-metabolic substrates, such as glucose, sucrose, lactose, starch, and beef extract, would promote the biodegradation of PBDE-209, among which glucose most favorably accelerated PBDE-209 degradation by about 36% within 5 d. The highest degradation efficiency was reached at the ratio of PBDE-209 and glucose 1:5 while excessive carbon source would actually hamper the degradation efficiency. Exploration of influences of cadmium ion on PBDE-209 biodegradation indicated that degradation efficiency was stimulated at low concentrations of Cd²⁺ (0.5–2 mg L⁻¹) while inhibited at higher levels (5–10 mg L⁻¹), inferring that the heavy metals of different concentrations possessed mixed reactions on PBDE-209 bioremoval. Bromine ion was produced during the biotransformation process and its concentration had a good negative correlation with the residues of PBDE-209. Two nonabromodiphenyl ethers (PBDE-208, PBDE-207), four octabromodiphenyl ethers (PBDE-203, PBDE-202, PBDE-197, PBDE-196) and one heptabromodiphenyl ethers (PBDE-183) were formed with the decomposition of PBDE-209, demonstrating that the main aerobic transformation mechanism of PBDE-209 was debromination.     

二氯甲烷萃取与气相色谱—质谱结合新方法测定饮用水源地水中的苦味酸

为建立饮用水源地中苦味酸分析测定的新方法,将10 ml水样中的苦味酸氯化后,以二氯甲烷萃取,用气相色谱—质谱法(GC—MSD)测定水中苦味酸的含量,采用保留时间定性,外标法定量。结果表明,最佳萃取时间为4 min,最佳萃取剂用量为1.5 ml,该法能快速而有效的提取并测定水中苦味酸,检出限低(0.4μg/L)、精密度(RSD=1.8%)和准确度高(加标回收率93.16%)、标准曲线线性(r=0.999)较好,能满足饮用水源地水中苦味酸的测定要求。     

Recovery of high purity sulfuric acid from the waste acid in toluene nitration process by rectification

Waste sulfuric acid is a byproduct generated from numerous industrial chemical processes. It is essential to remove the impurities and recover the sulfuric acid from the waste acid. In this study the rectification method was introduced to recover high purity sulfuric acid from the waste acid generated in toluene nitration process by using rectification column. The waste acid quality before and after rectification were evaluated using UV–Vis spectroscopy, GC/MS, HPLC and other physical and chemical analysis. It was shown that five nitro aromatic compounds in the waste acid were substantially removed and high purity sulfuric acid was also recovered in the rectification process at the same time. The COD was removed by 94% and the chrominance was reduced from 1000° to 1°. The recovered sulfuric acid with the concentration reaching 98.2 wt% had a comparable quality with commercial sulfuric acid and could be recycled back into the toluene nitration process, which could avoid waste of resources and reduce the environmental impact and pollution.     

Sorption of simazine to corn straw biochars prepared at different pyrolytic temperatures

Simazine sorption to corn straw biochars prepared at various temperatures (100-600 °C) was examined to understand its sorption behavior as influenced by characteristics of biochars. Biochars were characterized via elemental analysis, BET-N₂ surface area (SA), FTIR and ¹³C NMR. Freundlich and dual-mode models described sorption isotherms well. Positive correlation between log K_oc values and aromatic C contents and negative correlation between log K_oc values and (O + N)/C ratios indicate aromatic-rich biochars have high binding affinity to simazine (charge transfer (π-π*) interactions) and hydrophobic binding may overwhelm H-bonding, respectively. Dual-mode model results suggest adsorption contribution to total sorption increases with carbonization degree. Positive correlation between amounts of adsorption (Q_ad) and SA indicates pore-filling mechanism. Comparison between our results and those obtained with other sorbents indicates corn straw biochars produced at higher temperature can effectively retain simazine. These observations will be helpful for designing biochars as engineered sorbents to remove triazine herbicides.     

2种南方土壤污水渗滤土地处理系统中磷元素的放射性示踪动力学比较实验

为了比较不同土壤的污水渗滤土地处理系统对磷的去除效果,在模拟土柱中采用磷同位素(32P)示踪技术,研究污水中磷进入红壤和紫色土不同土层后的行为动力学特征.实验结果表明,污水中磷在红壤中滞留率高于紫色土,而在紫色土中的迁移性则强于红壤.对于紫色土,污水带入的各无机磷组分按比例大小排序为;磷酸铁盐(Fe-P)>闭蓄态磷(O...     

2D numerical analysis of the influence of near-bank vegetation patches on the bed morphological adjustment

This paper investigates the influence of near-bank vegetation patches on the bed morphological adjustment in open channel flow systems. The 2D depth-averaged hydro-morphological model is adopted for this investigation, which is first validated by laboratory experimental data measured in an open channel with a single near-bank vegetation patch. The validated model is then applied for extensive numerical simulations, with the aim of conducting a systematic analysis of the influence of different geometric controlling parameters on the bed morphological evolution. The controlling parameters taken into account for numerical analysis include the angle of repose value (RAV) of sediment, vegetation density (VD), patch length (PL) and patch width (PW). The numerical results and analysis show that: (1) the RAV of sediment with slope-failure parametrization only influences the shape of the transverse bed topography in the junction region; (2) increase in VD, PL and PW that substantially enhances flow blockage effect encourages the growth of the pool adjacent to the patch in three dimensions; (3) increase in VD, PL and PW produces analogous retrogressive erosion (erosion toward the upstream) in the pool region, presumably due to the increase in flow resistance. Additional numerical experiments suggest that the staggered-order distribution of multiple patches might be an optimal choice for channel restoration and conservation since pools and riffles with larger scales can be produced.