Climate Change Governance in China: A Case Study

Climate change is treated in China as an issue related closely to the national strategy for sustainable development as well as an issue in international collaboration in environment. The duality of the issue makes the climate change policy often waver between domestic and international emphases. In the past one and a half decades, the central government emphasized mostly on responding to international pressure by participating in negotiations in international treaties. However, the nation, as well as the world, will probably benefit more by taking a more proactive attitude towards mitigation and adaptation to climate change. This paper described the current governance structure for climate change management in China and made concrete recommendations for its improvement. The most urgent recommendation is to improve the cooperation of current National Coordination Committee on Climate Change with authority for policy-making and to oversee climate change.     

Heavy metal contamination in a vulnerable mangrove swamp in South China

Concentrations of six heavy metals (Cu, Ni, Zn, Cd, Cr, and Pb) in sediments and fine roots, thick roots, branches, and leaves of six mangrove plant species collected from the Futian mangrove forest, South China were measured. The results show that both the sediments and plants in Futian mangrove ecosystem are moderately contaminated by heavy metals, with the main contaminants being Zn and Cu. All investigated metals showed very similar distribution patterns in the sediments, implying that they had the same anthropogenic source(s). High accumulations of the heavy metals were observed in the root tissues, especially the fine roots, and much lower concentrations in the other organs. This indicates that the roots strongly immobilize the heavy metals and (hence) that mangrove plants possess mechanisms that limit the upward transport of heavy metals and exclude them from sensitive tissues. The growth performance of propagules and 6-month-old seedlings of Bruguiera gymnorhiza in the presence of contaminating Cu and Cd was also examined. The results show that this plant is not sufficiently sensitive to heavy metals after its propagule stage for its regeneration and growth to be significantly affected by heavy metal contamination in the Futian mangrove ecosystem. However, older mangrove seedlings appeared to be more metal-tolerant than the younger seedlings due to their more efficient exclusion mechanism. Thus, the effects of metal contamination on young seedlings should be assessed when evaluating the risks posed by heavy metals in an ecosystem.     

高锰酸盐复合剂强化饮用水除污染生产性研究

采用依时间序列进行对比的方法，考察了高锰酸盐复合剂(PPC)对饮用水源的强化除污染效能。生产性实验结果表明，PPC具有优良的强化混凝和强化过滤效能，能显著降低水厂沉后水和滤后水的浊度、COD_Mn、UV₂₅₄等水质指标。与未投加时相比较，水厂投加PPC后沉后水和滤后水浊度分别降低了25%和33.3%，沉后水和滤后水COD_Mn去除率分别提高了15.3%和11.5%，UV₂₅₄去除率分别提高了16.3%和9.5%。同时，GC/MS分析表明PPC能有效去除水源水中的多种微量有机污染物，显著提高饮用水的化学安全性。PPC通过高锰酸钾的氧化作用，水合二氧化锰的吸附作用，以及各组分间的协同强化作用，显著提高了对水中污染物质的去除效率。     

两种典型PPCPs在潜流人工湿地中的季节性去除效果及降解产物

药物及个人护理品（PPCPs）在地表水中的污染问题已引起了广泛关注,人工湿地（constructed wetlands,CWs）在PPCPs去除中具有突出优势,然而关于不同类型PPCPs在CWs去除中的相互作用研究得还较少.本研究选取两种常用且相对分子质量接近的典型PPCPs——广谱抗菌剂三氯生（TCS）和非甾体抗炎药物双氯芬酸（DCF）作为目标污染物,分析其在潜流人工湿地中的去除行为,并探讨不同季节和不同进水条件（TCS、DCF单独投加和二者复合投加）对两种污染物去除效果的影响.人工湿地系统的主要参数如下：上行流式潜流人工湿地,水力负荷为0.20 m·d^-1,水力停留时间为3 d,进水方式采用连续流进水.PPCPs初始进水浓度为TCS 80 μg·L^-1和DCF 25 μg·L^-1.结果表明,TCS和DCF在夏季平均去除率（分别为91.72%和85.86%）均显著高于冬季（分别为52.88%和32.47%）.独立样本t检验证实,不同进水条件（TCS、DCF两者单独投加和二者复合投加）下,TCS和DCF的去除效果无显著差异.同时,TCS和DCF的降解产物在不同进水系统中没有差异,其中TCS在不同系统中均未检测到代表性降解产物,DCF在不同系统中主要降解产物均为3,5-二氯苯甲酸和间二氯苯,两种典型PPCPs在微量（μg·L^-1）层级上无显著拮抗、竞争等相互作用.     

与体育场馆连接地铁车站大客流疏运能力计算模拟分析

突发大客流是威胁地铁车站运行的主要风险之一,为研究与大型体育场馆连接的车站在大型活动期间面对突发大客流疏导问题,利用行人仿真动力学的方法,建立地铁车站疏运模型。计算分析一岛一侧站台和一岛站台2种设计方案下的大客流疏运过程,研究客流运动特征及乘客滞留情况、疏散通道节点通过能力、公共区容纳能力、瞬时客流密度等指标,给出不同设计方案下的最大疏运能力。计算模拟结果表明一岛一侧站台时最大疏运能力为30 294人/h,站台、站厅容纳能力与运能相匹配,一岛一侧站台设计方案时,主要控制点为楼扶梯通道和站台面。计算模拟结果与理论分析结果相符,表明计算模拟方法适用于地铁大客流模拟。     

基于流域协同的国土空间雨洪安全格局构建方法

近年来愈发频繁的洪涝灾害暴露出城市建设与雨洪安全之间的矛盾已不容忽视,以防洪基础设施为核心的防灾规划和以各类景观生态基础设施为核心的海绵城市规划,需要内涵和方法的转变。以“多规协同”为理论基础,提出在国土空间规划背景下,雨洪安全格局构建的核心内涵应该是“协同关系”的构建,即不同规划要素之间不仅在空间布局上协调无冲突,更重要的是能够导向同一的目标与结果。基于该内涵,提出了国土空间雨洪安全格局构建方法的理论框架,应以雨洪安全要素的识别为前提,通过强制性约束措施和引导性联动措施构建雨洪安全要素与国土空间结构、资源用途和支撑系统的协同关系,最终实现不同空间尺度上雨洪安全目标的落实与格局的形成。为更好地诠释该理论框架,以江西省万载县城关镇镇域国土空间规划为案例,探索并检验该理论框架在实践中的可操作性及应用价值,以期为落实国土空间雨洪安全格局的目标提供新的思路和理论依据。     

北方强沙尘暴天气过程对广州空气质量影响的个例分析

2009年4月23—25日,我国内蒙古、甘肃、陕西等地区出现了1次强沙尘暴天气过程,沙尘暴产生的浮尘自北南下,于26日开始影响广州.期间,沙尘暴沿途城市的可吸入颗粒物(PM10)浓度先后升高.本文通过对广州4月27日—29日(浮尘时段)和5月12—14日(非浮尘时段)的空气颗粒物进行质量浓度分析,发现浮尘时段PM10的浓度均值为0.231mg·m-3,较非浮尘时段(0.103mg·m-3)大1倍.化学分析结果发现金属元素含量、金属元素富集因子、可溶性阴阳离子含量等在这两个时段也均存在显著差异.浮尘时段颗粒物中金属元素含量的总浓度为53.5μg·m-3,比非浮尘时段的总浓度(28.5μg·m-3)翻了近1倍.浮尘时段的Na、Ti、Zn、Cu、Cr浓度较非浮尘时段的增加幅度在0～100%之间,从富集因子来看,非浮尘时段均高于浮尘时段,说明污染源主要来自广州本地源;浮尘时段的K、Mg、Al、Fe、Mn、V、Co浓度较非浮尘时段的增幅在100%以上,其富集因子均高于非浮尘时段,说明污染源主要来自于外来源;而Ni、Pb、Cd3种元素浓度增幅为负值,说明沙尘携带这3种元素的量可以忽略,且冷空气的稀释作用使得它们在浮尘时段的富集系数远远低于非浮尘时段.另外,通过对水溶性离子的分析发现,浮尘天气时段空气颗粒物中各种水溶性阴阳离子含量都有所升高,但NH4+、NO3-、SO24-3种离子的质量浓度,无论在浮尘还是非浮尘时段,差别均不显著(均占约82%),说明这3种离子都是PM10中最主要的可溶性阴阳离子.并且从浮尘时段的气象场分析和后向轨迹计算表明,此次广州沙尘的源地来自内蒙地区.     

城市区域臭氧浓度变化的研究

通过中尺度气象模式和高分辨化学模式的耦合,研究广州地区O3的时空分布及其变化特征.结果表明,近地层上O3的分布与地面源排放的分布有非常好的对应关系,并且呈现出多中心分布;O3浓度随时间变化有很好的日变化周期,模拟结果与实测对比有较好的一致性;对单站O3浓度随高度的变化趋势的分析表明,对流层低层O3的日变化幅度较大.      

Modeling and safety strategy of passenger evacuation in a metro station in China

The construction of metro in China is in a period of an unprecedented development in recent years, and the passengers are in high density within the metro during the operation time, the problem of occupant safety in emergencies has attracted more and more attentions. During the design and operation stages, modeling of the metro station evacuation capacity by using the computational models is an effective measure for guaranteeing the metro evacuation safety in the future. In this article, the safety strategy of evacuation in metro stations is first investigated and established, which involves the occupants needed to be evacuated, the evacuation route, and the safety zone. Then, an engineering calculation method for the metro station evacuation time is proposed. Based on the experimental data, simulation of evacuation process in different fire cases is conducted by using an agent-based model, so as to study the features of occupant evacuation behavior, the evacuation time, the passage flow rate, and the strategy of using the escalator as evacuation passage. These conclusions will be helpful for guiding the safe evacuation design of metros in China.