临沂市区主要大气污染物的污染特征及其对居民健康的影响

大气污染是全球性的公共环境健康问题.本研究基于临沂市区2015年6种大气污染物（PM_2.5、PM₁₀、SO₂、NO₂、CO、O₃）的逐日监测数据,分析了污染物的污染特征及其与气象因子的相关性,通过构建广义相加模型,模拟分析了单个污染物与居民呼吸、循环系统疾病门诊人次的暴露-反应关系.结果表明,PM_2.5和PM₁₀是临沂市区首要大气污染物,NO₂和SO₂次之,O₃和CO浓度较低;除O₃外,其它5种污染物之间呈显著正相关,与风速、温度、相对湿度3个气象因子呈负相关,浓度水平冬季高、夏季低;O₃与温度呈显著正相关.对于呼吸系统疾病,单个污染物每增加10 μg·m^-3（CO每增加0.1 mg·m^-3）的最大效应情况是：PM₁₀、SO₂、NO₂、CO均在当天（lag0）使得门诊人次分别增加0.36%、1.77%、1.29%、0.69%,PM_2.5和O₃分别在累积滞后6 d（lag05）和单日滞后3 d（lag3）使得门诊人次分别增加0.6%和1.07%;对于循环系统疾病,单个污染物每增加10 μg·m^-3（CO每增加0.1 mg·m^-3）的最大效应是：PM_2.5、PM₁₀均在累积滞后5 d（lag04）使得门诊人次分别增加0.72%、0.80%,SO₂、NO₂均在累积滞后6 d使得门诊人次分别增加3.55%、3.54%,CO和O₃则分别在当天和单日滞后3 d使得门诊人次分别增加0.77%、1.39%.对于呼吸、循环系统疾病,PM_2.5、PM₁₀、CO、O₃对男性的影响均大于女性,SO₂则反之;NO₂对男性呼吸系统和女性循环系统影响较大.大气污染物对少年（7~17岁）呼吸系统和对中年（41~65岁）循环系统影响较大.临沂市区6种大气污染物存在不同程度的污染,对居民呼吸、循环系统疾病均有不同程度的影响,且存在性别和年龄的差异.     

京津冀城市群二氧化碳排放达峰研究

基于IPCC排放因子方法建立了2015—2019年京津冀城市群地级城市CO₂排放清单,基于经济增长与CO₂排放关系的脱钩系数法,得到京津冀城市群13个地级以上城市的脱钩情况,结合历史CO₂排放和脱钩情况提出的京津冀城市群达峰判别方法,对京津冀城市群地级以上城市CO₂排放达峰情况进行了判断。结果表明:近5年来,保定、张家口、秦皇岛、邢台、沧州、廊坊、衡水7市碳排放量暂未达到峰值状态;北京、天津、石家庄、承德、邯郸、唐山6个城市已经处于CO₂排放达峰状态。建议已经具备达峰条件的城市抓紧开展达峰行动方案,制定CO₂排放达峰目标。     

Physiological mechanisms of a wetland plant (Echinodorus osiris Rataj) to cadmium detoxification

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Physiological responses of Echinodorus osiris Rataj plant under cadmium (Cd) stress (5 and 15 mg L?1) were studied by...     

缺失烟囱参数估算及其应用对空气质量模拟结果的改进

针对源清单中部分点源烟囱参数缺失而采用源排放模型SMOKE(Sparse Matrix Operator Kernel Emissions)默认的烟囱参数对空气质量模型模拟结果造成的不利影响,综合考虑气象观测数据、空气质量监测数据、源排放强度以及相关标准和规范对烟囱设计的要求,分别基于最大落地浓度法和基于统计方法对2009年珠三角地区源清单中缺失烟囱参数点源的烟囱参数进行了估算,并将估算烟囱参数用在WRF/SMOKE-PRD/CMAQ空气质量模型系统分析其对模型模拟的改善情况.相比于采用SMOKE默认烟囱参数,基于最大落地浓度估算烟囱参数对NO2、NOx、SO2、PM10及O3的模拟结果均具有一定改善作用,而基于统计方法估算烟囱参数仅对SO2、O3的模拟结果有所提高.结果表明,使用基于最大落地浓度法估算得到的烟囱参数更为合理,使污染物的垂直排放分配更加合理,可以应用于空气质量模型输入源清单中缺失烟囱参数点源的估算,从而一定程度上改善空气质量模型的模拟效果.     

富营养化湖泊中微囊藻毒素及其控制去除技术

微囊藻水华是湖泊水体中产生最频繁、危害最严重的一类。微囊藻毒素作为富营养化水体中最常见的藻类毒素,获得了国内外的广泛关注与研究报道。我国淡水水体受微囊藻毒素污染的程度已经相当严重,尤其是饮用水水源的污染,对人们的健康构成了极大的危害。因此当前急需确认藻类毒素对我国水环境影响的程度,研究蓝藻水华产毒的生态条件及控制去除途径,探索毒素对人体健康的影响和防治对策,目前关于微囊藻毒素的健康效应的研究多是从饮用水角度出发,今后的研究可收集详细的数据以建立危险性评估模型,并评价各种降低微囊藻毒素危险性措施的效果。文章就微囊藻毒素的产生、性质与结构、对环境与人类健康的危害、以及微囊藻毒素在水处理过程中的控制方法等方面的研究进展进行了综述,并提出了研究展望。     

广东省电子废物回收处理体系建设对策研究

广东省的电子废物产生量大,亟须建立规范的回收处理处置体系,实现资源的有序回收利用,避免电子废物的不当拆解处理造成环境污染。针对广东省电子废物回收处理的现状和存在问题,提出建设规模化的集中处理体系,产业化的回收利用体系和规范化的统一监管体系的相关对策,以促进电子废物的无害化、减量化和资源化处理处置。     

非潮汐淹水对白骨壤膜脂过氧化系统的影响

通过室内模拟非潮汐淹水,探索不同淹水水位条件下,红树植物白骨壤(A.marina(Forsk.)Vierh).超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、丙二醛(MDA)随时间的变化情况。结果表明,经历第二个淹水周期后,较第一个周期各梯度,白骨壤超氧化物歧化酶活性(SOD)从高到低排序不变,过氧化氢酶活性(CAT)、丙二醛的量(MDA)也表现出相同的规律。本研究结论为红树植物在人工非潮汐生境下,红树林造林的关键技术之一——淹水水位的控制提供了数据参考。     

利用PUF被动采样技术监测珠江三角洲地区大气中多氯联苯分布

研究了珠江三角洲地区大气中多氯联苯的含量与分布.利用大气被动采样装置,共设立了包括香港在内的珠江三角洲21个大气被动采样点,样品采样时间为2005-08-15～2005-10-14.结果表明,珠三角内地的佛山(2000pg·m-3)是PCBs的高污染地区,内地采样点PCBs含量范围260～2000pg·m-3,平均值670pg·m-3.香港PCBs含量范围170～470pg·m-3,平均值300pg·m-3.香港每个采样点的PCBs含量都接近平均值,含量比较低.珠三角大气中PCBs含量与世界其它地区相比属中度污染区域.结果也表明,PUF大气被动采样器可很好地运用于区域大气PCBs污染分布与特征的对比研究.     

Fast increasing of surface ozone concentrations in Pearl River Delta characterized by a regional air quality monitoring network during 2006-2011

Based on the observation by a Regional Air Quality Monitoring Network including 16 monitoring stations, temporal and spatial variations of ozone(O3), NO2and total oxidant(Ox) were analyzed by both linear regression and cluster analysis. A fast increase of regional O3concentrations of 0.86 ppbV/yr was found for the annual averaged values from 2006 to 2011 in Guangdong, China. Such fast O3increase is accompanied by a correspondingly fast NOx reduction as indicated by a fast NO2 reduction rate of 0.61 ppbV/yr. Based on a cluster analysis, the monitoring stations were classified into two major categories – rural stations(non-urban) and suburban/urban stations. The O3concentrations at rural stations were relatively conserved while those at suburban/urban stations showed a fast increase rate of 2.0 ppbV/yr accompanied by a NO2 reduction rate of 1.2 ppbV/yr. Moreover, a rapid increase of the averaged O3 concentrations in springtime(13%/yr referred to 2006 level) was observed, which may result from the increase of solar duration, reduction of precipitation in Guangdong and transport from Eastern Central China. Application of smog production algorithm showed that the photochemical O3production is mainly volatile organic compounds(VOC)-controlled. However, the photochemical O3production is sensitive to both NOx and VOC for O3pollution episode. Accordingly, it is expected that a combined NOx and VOC reduction will be helpful for the reduction of the O3 pollution episodes in Pearl River Delta while stringent VOC emission control is in general required for the regional O3 pollution control.     

Characteristics of springtime profiles and sources of ozone in the low troposphere over northern Taiwan

To quantify the possible sources of the high ambient ozone concentration in the low troposphere over Taiwan, ozone sounding data from a two-year intensive field measurement program conducted in April and early May of 2004 and 2005 in northern Taiwan has been examined. We found that the vertical ozone distributions and occurrence of enhanced ozone in the lower troposphere (below 6 km) mainly resulted from (1)Type NE: the long-range transport of ozone controlled by the prevailing northeasterly winds below 2 km, (2)Type LO: the local photochemical ozone production process, and (3)Type SW: the strong southwest/westerly winds aloft (2–6 km). In the boundary layer (BL), where Asian continental outflow prevails, the average profile for type NE is characterized by a peak ozone concentration of nearly 65 ppb at about 1500 m altitude. For type LO, high ozone concentration with an average ozone concentration greater than 80 ppb was also found in the BL in the case of stagnant atmospheric and sunny weather conditions dominated. For type SW, significant ozone enhancement with average ozone concentration of 70–85 ppb was found at around 4 km altitude. It is about 10 ppb greater than that of the types NE and LO at the same troposphere layer owing to the contribution of the biomass burning over Indochina. Due to Taiwan's unique geographic location, the complex interaction of these ozone features in the BL and aloft, especially features associated with northeasterly and south/southwesterly winds, have resulted in complex characteristics of ozone distributions in the lower troposphere over northern Taiwan.