亚热带常见树种幼苗对酸雨的生理响应及敏感性综合评判

以杨梅（Myrica rubra）、香樟（Cinnamomum camphora）、木荷（Schima superba）、枫香（Liquidambar formosana）、湿地松（Pinus elliottii）和水杉（Metasequoia glyptostroboides）6个亚热带常见树种为试验材料,对其在模拟酸雨胁迫下幼苗叶片光合气体交换参数、叶绿素含量、丙二醛含量和相对电导率等9个生理指标进行测定,以单项指标的耐酸系数为依据,运用主成分分析和隶属函数法对树种耐酸性进行综合评判。结果表明：中度酸雨对植物的气体交换和质膜没有造成明显影响;但在重度酸雨胁迫下,叶片净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率和水分利用效率等光合气体交换参数明显下降,叶片的相对电导率和丙二醛含量均显著上升。通过主成分分析将与幼苗耐酸性相关的生理指标转化成2个相互独立的综合指标,累积贡献率达88.064%;采用隶属函数法和聚类分析将6个树种按耐酸性强弱划分为3类：杨梅和湿地松为高抗酸树种,香樟、枫香和木荷为中等敏感树种,水杉属敏感型树种。该评价结果与其田间试验结果一致,因此所建立的综合评价方法可用来对幼苗耐酸性强弱进行客观、准确评价     

基于模糊数学的场地重金属污染风险综合评价

在传统土壤评价方法的理论基础上,参考模糊数学的架构,建立了由风险因素集、风险评价集、隶属度函数、评估矩阵和权重系数组成的评价模型,最终形成了一套场地重金属污染风险的综合评价方法.选取安徽铜陵某冶炼厂作为研究场地,分析场地土壤中重金属的污染情况并验证该评价模型的科学性.结果表明,研究场地内表层土壤重金属含量平均值分别为As(1382mg/kg)、Cd(64.9mg/kg)、Cu(4973mg/kg)、Pb(3403mg/kg),As和Pb污染严重.相比于传统土壤评价方法,综合评价方法考虑重金属的人体健康风险、地下水迁移风险和生态风险3个方面,插值后不同风险所占面积比例为安全(25.3%)、低风险(5.86%)、中风险(9.00%)、高风险(59.9%).与内梅罗指数法对比,综合评价风险结果中的高风险区域面积下降了9.50%,而中风险、低风险和安全区域的面积则分别上升了约3.54%、3.83%和1.20%,整体风险有所降低.与传统土壤评价方法对比,基于模糊数学模型的综合评价方法不局限于重金属总量单一因素对土壤污染风险水平的限制,根据场地实际情况及土地二次利用途径对其进行更加详细的污染风险评...     

内流激发垂直悬臂管振动失稳特性实验研究

目的 研究管道内部流速和浸没深度对细长柔性悬臂管道振动特性的影响规律。方法 通过位移传感器采集管道振动位移时程,计算管道振幅、时频特性、相位变迁和振动频率,分析内流在输流过程中所激发的管道振动失稳特性。结果 随着内流流速的增加,垂直悬臂管会经历静态、前失稳和后失稳3个不同状态。管道振幅随内流流速的增加而明显增大,但振动频率只是缓慢上升。随着管道浸没深度的增加,管道振动失稳整体减弱。结论 内流流速和浸没深度均是影响管道振动失稳特性的关键因素。     

中国分省道路交通二氧化碳排放因子

基于本地化的综合移动源排放模型（Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator,MOVES）模型模拟典型机动车的CO₂排放因子,并建立排放因子与速度变化关系的评估方程,结合各省路网平均速度与区域电网排放因子核算中国31个省份分车型的CO₂排放因子.同时,综合考虑载客汽车的载客量和客座率,载货汽车的载重量和载货率,建立各省单位客运,货运周转量的机动车CO₂排放因子库.结果表明,各类机动车的平均CO₂排放因子分别为：柴油公交车0.880kgCO₂/km,重型货车0.877kgCO₂/km,电动公交车0.676kgCO₂/km,中型货车0.508kgCO₂/km,轻型货车0.374kgCO₂/km,柴油小客车0.227kgCO₂/km,微型货车0.216kgCO₂/km,汽油小客车0.203kgCO₂/km,电动小客车0.108kgCO₂/km,摩托车0.062kgCO₂/km.车辆满载时,柴油公交车和电动公交车的人均CO₂排放量比汽油小客车分别降低了63%和73%,电动小客车的人均CO₂排放量较汽油和柴油小客车分别下降了46%和51%.较高的机动车保有量,频繁的道路拥堵导致上海,北京和重庆等市的机动车CO₂排放因子相对较高.倡导公共交通,提高客座率,降低私家车使用频率,推广纯电动汽车并通过减少道路拥堵以提高车速是降低道路交通CO₂排放量的有效途径.     

Spatiotemporal variations of ambient air pollutants and meteorological influences over typical urban agglomerations in China during the COVID-19 lockdown

To investigate the air quality change during the COVID-19 pandemic, we analyzed spatiotemporal variations of six criteria pollutants in nine typical urban agglomerations in China using ground-based data and examined meteorological influences through correlation analysis and backward trajectory analysis under different responses. Concentrations of PM_2.5, PM₁₀, NO₂, SO₂ and CO in urban agglomerations respectively decreased by 18%–45% (30%–62%), 17%–53% (22%–39%), 47%-64% (14%–41%), 9%–34% (0%–53%) and 16%-52% (23%–56%) during Lockdown (Post-lockdown) period relative to Pre-lockdown period. PM_2.5 pollution events occurred during Lockdown in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebe (BTH) and Middle and South Liaoning (MSL), and daily O₃ concentration rose to grade Ⅱ standard in Post-lockdown period. Distinct from the nationwide slump of NO₂ during Lockdown period, a rebound (～40%) in Post-lockdown period was observed in Cheng-Yu (CY), Yangtze River Middle-Reach (YRMR), Yangtze River Delta (YRD) and Pearl River Delta (PRD). With slightly higher wind speed compared with 2019, the reduction of PM_2.5 (51%–62%) in Post-lockdown period is more than 2019 (15%–46%) in HC (Harbin-Changchun), MSL, BTH, CP (Central Plain) and SP (Shandong-Peninsula), suggesting lockdown measures are effective to PM_2.5 alleviation. Although O₃ concentrations generally increased during the lockdown, its increment rate declined compared with 2019 under similar sunlight duration and temperature. Additionally, unlike HC, MSL and BTH, which suffered from additional (> 30%) air masses from surrounding areas after the lockdown, the polluted air masses reaching YRD and PRD mostly originated from the long-distance transport, highlighting the importance of joint regional governance.     

Thermal defluorination behaviors of PFOS,PFOA and PFBS during regeneration of activated carbon by molten salt

• New method of mineralizing PFCs was proposed. • Activated carbon was regenerated while mineralizing PFCs. • Molten NaOH has good mineralization effect on PFOS and PFBS. Current study proposes a green regeneration method of activated carbon (AC) laden with Perfluorochemicals (PFCs) from the perspective of environmental safety and resource regeneration. The defluorination efficiencies of AC adsorbed perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorobutanesulfonate (PFBS) using three molten sodium salts and one molten alkali were compared. Results showed that defluorination efficiencies of molten NaOH for the three PFCs were higher than the other three molten sodium salts at lower temperature. At 700°C, the defluorination efficiencies of PFOS and PFBS using molten NaOH reached to 84.2% and 79.2%, respectively, while the defluorination efficiency of PFOA was 35.3%. In addition, the temperature of molten salt, the holding time and the ratio of salt to carbon were directly proportional to the defluorination efficiency. The low defluorination efficiency of PFOA was due to the low thermal stability of PFOA, which made it difficult to be captured by molten salt.The weight loss range of PFOA was 75°C–125°C, which was much lower than PFOS and PFBS (400°C–500°C). From the perspective of gas production, fluorine-containing gases produced from molten NaOH-treated AC were significantly reduced, which means that environmental risks were significantly reduced. After molten NaOH treatment, the regenerated AC had higher adsorption capacity than that of pre-treated AC.     

Verification of the geographical origin of modeled air-mass trajectories by means of the isotope composition of rainwater during the SALLJEX experiment

The SALLJEX experiment was held during the summer 2002–2003. It consisted of three-dimensional observation of the atmosphere to study the structure of the low level jet along the eastern slopes of the Andes. Daily precipitation water samples were collected at two stations (Resistencia and Salta) in northern Argentina and isotope content was analyzed. The isotope data were used in conjunction with air parcel trajectories obtained from a 3-D kinematic model (3D-MTC) developed by the University of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Values of deuterium excess were related with air masses of continental origin, whilst low values were associated with air masses with longer oceanic trajectories. Furthermore, although data are scarce, results show that oxygen-18 and deuterium excess in rainwater are related with the occurrence of the low level jet.     

Studies of the coarse particle (2.5–10 μm) component in UK urban atmospheres

An analysis is presented of continuous simultaneous measurement data for PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 using TEOM instruments from five sites in the United Kingdom. The results are analysed specifically in relation to the sources and processes influencing the coarse particle fraction (2.5–10 μm). The data show a generally strong correlation between fine and coarse particle concentrations at all sites, with a generally higher proportion of coarse particles in the dryer months of the year. The one rural site shows a notably lower proportion of coarse particles than the urban and suburban sites. Whilst it is possible to disaggregate the coarse particle concentrations into a component which is diluted by increasing windspeed and a component which increases with windspeed and is hence possibly attributable to wind-induced resuspension processes, the latter is only a minor proportion of the total coarse particle concentration. There are appreciable weekday-to-weekend and day-to-night differences between coarse particle concentrations which are most marked at the urban sites indicative of anthropogenic activities being a source of coarse particles. The clearest indication of the likely predominant source of coarse particles arises from an analysis of a data set derived from an urban street canyon site after subtraction of measurements from a nearby urban background location. The data indicate strong relationships of both fine and coarse incremental particle concentrations in the street canyon with incremental NO_x. If incremental fine particles and coarse particles are attributed to exhaust emissions and vehicle-induced resuspension, respectively, then it may be concluded that vehicle-induced resuspension provides a source strength approximately equal to that of exhaust emissions. An analysis of the coarse particle concentration data suggest that episodes of elevated coarse particle concentrations alone very rarely lead to exceedence of the UK air quality standard for PM₁₀ of 50 μg m⁻³ measured as a 24-h running mean.     

How well are hydraulic conductivity variations approximated by additive stable processes?

Analysis of the higher statistical moments of a hydraulic conductivity (K) and an intrinsic permeability (k) data set leads to the conclusion that the increments of the data and the logs of the data are not governed by Levy-stable or Gaussian distributions. The distribution tails appear to display a Pareto-like power-law decay (i.e. Prob(|x|>s|)∝s^−α as s→∞), with α values of ≈2.5 and 3.6, respectively. Unlike the calculations of Liu and Molz (1997), α values were largely independent of lag size. These results suggest that the Levy model does not fit the tail behavior of the data well, even prior to the need for truncation in order to keep the statistical moments of simulated K distributions from becoming unrealistically large. It is suggested also that the fractional diffusion equation, based on an underlying Levy motion rather than the usual Brownian motion, might be better justified if porosity variations, as well as K variations, were considered. For the past 10 years, hydrologists and petroleum scientists have explored the use of non-stationary stochastic processes with stationary increments as models for log hydraulic conductivity distributions — the so-called scaling fractal models. Initially, Gaussian processes were used based on fractional Brownian motion. Later, a non-Gaussian model, fractional Levy motion, was suggested as a more realistic alternative. Even more recently, Levy multi-fractals have been proposed as direct models for K variations. In the on-going effort to arrive at the most practical and realistic model for K or log(K) increments, the present communication attempts to develop useful information by presenting a careful analysis of the tail behavior of K and log(K) data sets. It is concluded that although more realistic than the Gaussian model, the Levy model over-estimates the variability inherent in the two carefully measured data sets that were studied.     

废水反硝化生物反应器中喹啉降解细菌的分离与特性

杂环化合物喹啉是焦化等工业废水中的一种难降解化合物.有关喹啉微生物降解的研究还很有限,分离筛选多样的喹啉降解细菌,对认识喹啉的降解机制和强化废水中喹啉的降解具有重要意义.本研究通过富集和多种分离条件的培养,从焦化废水活性污泥及唪啉驯化的生物膜样品中分离获得56株与喹啉降解相关的菌株,以16S rDNA双酶切方法进行ARDRA分型,将这些菌株分为12个OTU.选取部分代表菌株进行16S rDNA测序分析,表明分离所获得的菌株主要是Ochrobactrum、Bacillus、Pseudomonas和Rhodococcus属的微生物.通过对部分菌株测定其喹啉降解能力.发现大部分菌株都能以喹啉为唯一碳源进行生长并高效降解喹啉,极少数菌株不能单独降解喹啉.降解喹啉的Ochrobactrum属菌株还未见报道.