磷酸根和镉离子在羟基铁改性膨润土表面的协同吸附机制研究

聚合羟基金属-粘土矿物复合物广泛存在于自然环境中,对重金属阳离子和含氧酸根阴离子均有很好的吸附能力,因此对这些化合物的环境迁移过程及污染控制具有重要影响.研究采用FeCl₃和Na₂CO₃共同改性膨润土,制备了羟基铁－膨润土复合物（HyFe-Bent）.XRD和孔结构分析结果发现,HyFe-Bent的d₀₀₁由原土的1.52 nm增加到1.81 nm,比表面积由原土的52.2 m²·g^-1增大到108.4 m²·g^-1.将HyFe-Bent用于同时吸附水中磷酸根（P）和镉离子（Cd）,结果表明,在实验条件下P和Cd在HyFe-Bent上表现出明显的协同吸附效应,溶液pH升高可促进Cd的吸附但降低P的吸附.此外研究了P和Cd吸附次序对它们吸附性能的影响：在先吸附P的体系中两种物质的吸附性能与同时吸附体系相当,而在先吸附Cd的体系中吸附性能则明显低于同时吸附体系.由此提出P和Cd协同吸附的原理是多种吸附机制共存：除了配体交换和离子交换作用,它们在HyFe-Bent表面还发生了表面沉淀作用,可能形成了Fe-P-Cd三元络合产物.论文研究结果可为了解重金属和含氧酸根复合体系的环境行为及污染控制提供新信息.     

表面活性剂及其组合洗脱污染土壤中的硫丹

采用序批实验和并行解吸法,研究了添加和不添加Na2SiO3两种情况下,非离子表面活性剂和阴/非离子混合表面活性剂对污染老化土壤中α-、β-硫丹的洗脱效果与动力学特征.结果表明,不添加Na2SiO3时,α-、β-硫丹的洗脱率顺序为Tween80/SDS>Tween 80>Triton X-100.Triton X-100/SDS在100～500 mg·L-1和800～1 000 mg·L-1时的洗脱率分别低于和高于相应浓度的Triton X-100;添加Na2SiO3后,硫丹的洗脱率顺序为Tween 80/SDS>Tween 80>Triton X-100/SDS>Triton X-100,4种洗脱模式对硫丹的洗脱能力均显著提高,其中α-硫丹的洗脱率分别是不加Na2SiO3的1.17～2.73、1.87～4.02、1.85～6.56和1.87～2.85倍.硫丹的洗脱过程可用4参数2室一级动力学模型描述,存在明显的快速洗脱和慢速洗脱阶段;β-硫丹的洗脱速率和洗脱率均低于相应处理的α-硫丹,表明β-硫丹较难从土壤中洗脱;添加Na2SiO3可增大硫丹的快速和慢速洗脱速率常数,减少慢速洗脱的百分率.与其它洗脱模式比较,添加Na2SiO3的Tween 80/SDS能够高效、快速洗脱污染土壤中的硫丹,是一种优良的混合洗脱剂.     

Effect of transition metal doping under reducing calcination atmosphere on photocatalytic property of TiO2 immobilized on SiO2 beads

TiO₂ immobilized on SiO₂ (TiO₂/SiO₂) have been prepared by sol-gel method and various ions of transition metals (Cr³⁺, Co²⁺, Ni²⁺, Cu²⁺, and Zn²⁺) were doped on the photocatalyst using wet impregnation method under reducing calcination atmosphere. The photocatalytic activity of metal doped TiO₂/SiO₂ towards phenol degradation under black light irradiation were investigated and compared with undoped TiO₂/SiO₂. The results showed that the photoresponse of Cu²⁺ and Zn²⁺ doped TiO₂/SiO₂ were larger than undoped TiO₂/SiO₂, indicating that the photogenerated carriers were separated more efficiently in Cu²⁺ and Zn²⁺ doped TiO₂/SiO₂. The reactivity was in the order of Cu²⁺ > Zn²⁺ > Ni²⁺ > Cr³⁺ > Co²⁺. The different photoreactivity was ascribed to combine effect of the different ionic radii and photocorrison tendency of the dopants. The sample was also characterized by surface analytical methods such as X-ray diffraction, scanning electron micrograph/electron dispersive X-ray analyzer and UV-Vis absorption spectrum.     

Fe2O3 particles as superior catalysts for low temperature selective catalytic reduction of NO with NH3

Fe203 particle catalysts were experimentally studied in the low temperature selective catalytic reduction （SCR） of NO with NH3. The effects of reaction temperature, oxygen concentration, [NH3]/[NO] molar ratio and residence time on SCR activity were studied. It was found that Fe203 catalysts had high activity for the SCR of NO with NH3 in a broad temperature range of 150-270℃, and more than 95% NO conversion was obtained at 180℃ when the molar ratio [NH3]/[NO] = 1, the residence time was 0.48 seconds and 02 volume fraction was 3%. In addition, the effect of SO2 on SCR catalytic activity was also investigated at the temperature of 180℃. The results showed that deactivation of the Fe2O3 particles occurred due to the presence of SO2 and the NO conversion decreased from 99.2% to 58% in 240 min, since SO2 gradually decreased the catalytic activity of the catalysts. In addition, X-ray diffraction, Thermogravimetric analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used to characterize the fresh and deactivated Fe2O3 catalysts. The results showed that the deactivation caused by SO2 was due to the formation of metal sulfates and ammonium sulfates on the catalyst surface during the de-NO reaction, which could cause pore plugging and result in suppression of the catalytic activity.     

Adsorption of Cr(Ⅲ) from acidic solutions by crop straw derived biochars

Cr（Ⅲ） adsorption by biochars generated from peanut, soybean, canola and rice straws is investigated with batch methods. Adsorption of Cr（Ⅲ） increased as pH rose from 2.5 to 5.0. Adsorption of Cr（Ⅲ） led to peak position shifts in the FFIR-PAS spectra of the biochars and made zeta potential values less negative, suggesting the formation of surface complexes between Cr^3＋ and functional groups on the biochars. The adsorption capacity of Cr（Ⅲ） followed the order： peanut straw char 〉 soybean straw char 〉 canola straw char 〉 rice straw char, which was consistent with the content of acidic functional groups on the biochars. The increase in Cr^3＋ hydrolysis as the pH rose was one of the main reasons for the increased adsorption of Cr（Ⅲ） by the biochars at higher pH values. Cr（llI） can be adsorbed by the biochars through electrostatic attraction between negative surfaces and Cr^3＋, but the relative contribution of electrostatic adsorption was less than 5%. Therefore, Cr（Ⅲ） was mainly adsorbed by the biochars through specific adsorption. The Langumir and Freundlich equations fitted the adsorption isotherms well and can therefore be used to describe the adsorption behavior of Cr（Ⅲ） by the crop straw biochars. The crop straw biochars have great adsorption capacities for Cr（Ⅲ） under acidic conditions and can be used as adsorbents to remove Cr（Ⅲ） from acidic wastewaters.     

不同裂解条件对生物炭稳定性的影响

在300⁵00℃温度下热裂解水稻秸秆、玉米秸秆制备生物炭,并采用红外光谱(FTIR)和元素分析的方法,以生物炭表面官能团和元素组成为主要考察指标,研究了不同裂解温度、不同保留时间对生物炭稳定性的影响。生物炭红外光谱图结果显示,生物质原材料经过裂解炭化过程,原材料分子结构中所含醚键(C-O-C)、羰基(C=O)等基团消失。随着裂解温度升高,生物炭中甲基(-CH3)和亚甲基(-CH2)也逐渐消失,而芳环结构增加,生物炭芳香化程度增强。延长生物炭制备过程中的保留时间亦有相同结果。生物炭元素组成的结果显示,裂解温度升高及保留时间延长均能使生物炭的H/C比下降,同时裂解温度对生物炭H/C的影响更加显著。相比水稻秸秆生物炭,玉米秸秆生物炭的芳环骨架更加明显,芳香化程度更高。     

城市污水生物脱氮除磷的新理论与技术

评述了近年来城市污水生物脱氮除磷理论和功能微生物的研究进展,重点介绍了生物处理的新方法：短程硝化反硝化处理法、厌氧氨氧化处理法、同步硝化反硝化处理法、同步反硝化除磷脱氮法,并总结了各处理工艺的应用状况。对生物脱氮除磷微生物学和新的理论技术发展趋势做出了展望。     

垃圾渗滤液处理工艺的分析

本文主要是对垃圾渗滤液处理工艺进行了分析,并且重点介绍了深州市宝城大型垃圾转运站垃圾渗滤液的处理工艺,对其中的主要处理工艺进行了详细分析.     

城市生活污水处理工艺浅析

城市化和工业化进程的加快,污水污染日趋严重,制约了社会经济的可持续发展。本文从当前我国城市污水处理现状入手,着重论述了当前国内常用的城市污水处理技术,并对城市污水处理的环保对策进行了具体解析。     

电镀废水处理工艺研究与探析

随着经济的不断发展,一些大型工厂的不断扩建,工业用水需求增加,废水的排放不仅造成了大量水资源的浪费也对环境产生了很多负面影响,由于工业生产的多样性,也使得排放污水的处理工艺纷繁复杂。本文主要从电镀废水处理工艺方法着手,研究废水的处理和研究具体的可行性方案。