Effectiveness of a fixed-depth sensor deployed from a buoy to estimate water-column cyanobacterial biomass depends on wind speed

Water quality sondes have the advantage of containing multiple sensors, extended deployment times, high temporal resolution, and telecommunication with stakeholder accessible data portals. However, sondes that are part of buoy deployments often suffer from typically being fixed at one depth. Because water treatment plants are interested in water quality at a depth of the water intake and other stakeholders (ex. boaters and swimmers) are interested in the surface, we examined whether a fixed depth of approximately 1 m could cause over- or under-estimation of cyanobacterial biomass. We sampled the vertical distribution of cyanobacteria adjacent to a water quality sonde buoy in the western basin of Lake Erie during the summers of 2015–2017. A comparison of buoy cyanobacteria RFU (Relative Fluorescence Unit) at 1 m to cyanobacteria chlorophyll a (chla) measured throughout the water column showed occurrences when the buoy both under and overestimated the cyanobacteria chla at specific depths. Largest differences between buoy measurements and at-depth grab samples occurred during low wind speeds (< 4.5 m/sec) because low winds allowed cyanobacteria to accumulate at the surface above the buoy's sonde. Higher wind speeds (> 4.5 m/sec) resulted in better agreement between the buoy and at-depth measurements. Averaging wind speeds 12 hr before sample collection decreased the difference between the buoy and at-depth samples for high wind speeds but not low speeds. We suggest that sondes should be placed at a depth of interest for the appropriate stakeholder group or deploy sondes with the ability to sample at various depths.     

反硝化颗粒污泥研究

采用上流式污泥床(UpflowSludgeBlanket简称为USB)反应器进行生物反硝化,在基质中添加较高浓度钙离子(300mgCa2+/L)条件下,系统中形成了大量颗粒污泥。本试验对USB反应器进行生物反硝化过程的颗粒污泥的形态、组成、结构进行了定性的研究,并对其不稳定性可能原因进行了分析。     

岩石破坏失稳的声发射响应与损伤定量表征研究

为了探索在外载荷作用下岩石的损伤演化规律及声发射响应特征，实现损伤程度的定量表征，以标准岩石试件为研究对象，采用RMT-301岩石力学试验系统和DS5-8B全信息声发射仪，开展单轴加载条件下岩石破坏全过程的声发射(AE)试验研究，根据声发射参数、声发射源三维定位、声发射能量密度和岩石力学分析表征其破坏形态，再现岩石裂隙孕育、发展和贯通过程，揭示岩石破坏规律、能量密度分布特征、裂隙空间演化和AE时序参数；以时间为中间变量，建立声发射累计振铃计数和应力、应变及损伤变量的耦合关系；基于岩石损伤演化方程，进一步建立声发射累积能量和应力、应变的定量模型。研究结果对揭示岩石破坏机制、区分岩体强度具有指导意义，为矿山煤岩动力灾害的预测预警提供一定理论支撑。     

尾矿坝边坡失稳判据研究

为避免尾矿库失稳破坏所带来的巨大损失和灾难,依据尾矿坝边坡破坏特征,将坝体边坡的破坏全过程分为连续的变形阶段和非连续的滑动阶段。建立相应的数学模型,采用蠕变理论及李雅普诺夫函数法分析尾矿坝边坡变形、滑动过程的稳定性,提出尾矿坝边坡失稳的加速度判据,得出滑动过程位移解析解。运用FLAC3D对山西某尾矿坝边坡进行计算,得到安全系数为1.67,边坡稳定;通过坝体边坡表面某点位移监测曲线可以看出ü<0,采用加速度判据可得此边坡稳定,与数值模拟结论相同。     

在高地应力作用下近水平岩层隧道掌子面稳定性分析及控制*

为了研究大峡谷隧道开挖中掌子面大范围塌方及支护失效问题,分析现场水平层状围岩失稳特征,基于3DEC离散元软件探究掌子面失稳机理,提出塌腔处治及支护整体优化控制措施。研究结果表明:掌子面塌方主要表现为顺层滑移、挤压离层、局部掉块。开挖后拱顶沿水平层理面发生离层,导致掌子面分层垮落,层间错动掉块。围岩拱顶块体呈斜向下45°变形发展,掌子面中部和底部呈平行隧道轴向变形发展,根据塑性区和剪切滑移区扩展范围,最终形成宽5 m、高4 m的塌腔,掌子面前方岩体受影响深度3~4 m。对易塌方段提出台阶法开挖等控制措施,现场监测洞周位移收敛量不超过5 cm,整体优化后支护效果明显。     

薄膜结构的气弹动力失稳临界风速

笔者采用解析方法研究了三维薄膜结构的气弹失稳临界风速。首先应用薄壳的无矩理论建立了薄膜结构的动力平衡方程 ;随后假设来流为均匀的理想势流 ,考虑流固耦合作用 ,采用不考虑流动分离和考虑流动分离两种气弹模型应用流体力学中的势流理论 ,并参考空气动力学中的薄翼型理论 ,确定了作用于薄膜表面的气动力 ,得到了两种模型情况下薄膜结构的气弹动力耦合作用方程 ;进而利用Bubnov Galerkin方法将此耦合作用方程转化为一常系数二阶微分方程 ,并根据Routh Hurwitz稳定性准则确定了薄膜的失稳临界风速 ;最后通过对临界风速的影响因素进行分析并对两种模型得到的结果进行比较 ,得到了一些重要结论。     

Instability of cytogenetic parameters and genome instability in Betula pendula Roth

The seed progeny of weeping birch (Betula pendula Roth.) have been used as a test object for monitoring the state of the environment in the city of Voronezh. An increase in the number of cytogenetic disturbances observed in the root meristem cells of birch seedlings provides evidence for genome instability in the test species.     

海底土层地震液化破坏研究综述

地震液化可引起海底倾斜土层的失稳和变形,影响海洋工程结构的使用和安全。通过海底液化的震害实例,分析了海底土层液化震害的特点,对地震液化和液化后土层侧移的研究方法进行了简要介绍和评述,指出了目前海底地震液化及侧移破坏研究存在的不足和亟待解决的问题。