Sorption of simazine to corn straw biochars prepared at different pyrolytic temperatures

Simazine sorption to corn straw biochars prepared at various temperatures (100-600 °C) was examined to understand its sorption behavior as influenced by characteristics of biochars. Biochars were characterized via elemental analysis, BET-N₂ surface area (SA), FTIR and ¹³C NMR. Freundlich and dual-mode models described sorption isotherms well. Positive correlation between log K_oc values and aromatic C contents and negative correlation between log K_oc values and (O + N)/C ratios indicate aromatic-rich biochars have high binding affinity to simazine (charge transfer (π-π*) interactions) and hydrophobic binding may overwhelm H-bonding, respectively. Dual-mode model results suggest adsorption contribution to total sorption increases with carbonization degree. Positive correlation between amounts of adsorption (Q_ad) and SA indicates pore-filling mechanism. Comparison between our results and those obtained with other sorbents indicates corn straw biochars produced at higher temperature can effectively retain simazine. These observations will be helpful for designing biochars as engineered sorbents to remove triazine herbicides.     

人工湿地技术在农村生活污水综合治理中的应用探讨

农村生活污水具有浓度低、成分复杂、生化性高的特点,以豫南某村人工湿地工程为例,介绍人工湿地组合工艺处理农村生活污水,并对污染负荷、湿地床结构、基质材料及植被选择、水力条件等设计参数进行分析。结果表明,人工湿地系统能够有效处理农村生活污水,操作管理简单,在我国农村具有很强的推广意义。     

Reducing commercial fishing deck hazards with engineering solutions for winch design

INTRODUCTION: The majority (67%) of hospitalized injuries among Alaska commercial fishermen are associated with deck machinery. This paper describes the "Prevention Through Design" process to mitigate one serious machinery entanglement hazard posed by a capstan deck winch. METHODS: After observing that the capstan winch provides no entanglement protection and the hydraulic controls are usually out of reach of the entangled person, NIOSH personnel met with fishermen and winch manufacturers to discuss various design solutions to mitigate these hazards. RESULTS: An emergency-stop ("e-stop") system was developed that incorporated a momentary contact button that when pushed, switches a safety-relay that de-energizes the solenoid of an electro-hydraulic valve stopping the rotating winch. The vessel owners that had the e-stop installed enthusiastically recommend it to other fishermen. NIOSH entered into a Proprietary Technology Licensing Agreement with a company to develop the system for commercial use. CONCLUSIONS: This is an example of a practical engineering control that effectively protects workers from a hazardous piece of equipment by preventing injuries due to entanglement. This solution could reduce these types of debilitating injuries and fatalities in this industry.     

污泥停留时间对污泥减量化的影响

污泥停留时间不但决定系统剩余污泥的排放量,还直接影响到污泥的絮凝沉降性能及活性等。由实验可知:污泥停留时间延长,可导致微生物缺乏营养,减少污泥产生量;从而导致SVI升高,污泥负荷降低。因此,延长污泥停留时间减少剩余污泥量,可以节省尿素和KH2PO4投入量,从经济上节省运行成本。     

Safety evaluation of drowsy driving advisory system: Alabama case study

Introduction: The present study discusses roles, characteristics, and safety assessment of a drowsy driving advisory (DDA) system, implemented on rural interstates of Alabama. The DDA system is an engineering countermeasure designed to reduce the likelihood of drowsy driving crashes. It consists of a series of roadside signs with warning and advisory messages for drowsy drivers. The DDA system was implemented upstream of rural rest areas based on a comprehensive crash analysis. Method: A post-implementation study was conducted three years after the DDA system implementation to assess its safety effects. An empirical bayes (EB) method along with predictive methods of the Highway Safety Manual was used in the safety assessment. To overcome the underreported issue of drowsy driving crashes in the crash analysis, the present study used a concept called, expanded definition of drowsy driving (EDD) crashes. Result: The analysis found that the DDA system could reduce total and EDD crashes by 64% and 49%, respectively. It is important to note that such huge crash reduction effects are due to a combined effect of both rest areas and the DDA system, not because of a single treatment. The safety effect of a rest area itself, without considering the effect of the DDA system, was also investigated. Results show that total and EDD crashes would increase about 12–45% and 5–33%, respectively if there is no presence of a rest area. Conclusion: Our findings conclude that the DDA system could significantly reduce both total and drowsy driving crashes when it cooperates with a rest area facility. Practical Application: The findings also provide the guidance of using the DDA system on high-speed roads as a safety countermeasure of drowsy driving crashes. Readers can find details of the DDA system used in this study with its layout, dimension, and roadside safety messages.     

论环境监测对环境工程改造的促进作用

在近些年的发展中,我国开始重视环境保护,并将其作为我国基本国策内容之一。而在环境工程改造过程中,环境监测活动的贯彻进行能够保证工程改造的最终品质,实现人与自然的和谐统一。因此在当前的背景下,在环境工程改造中引入环境监测是非常有必要的。本文先阐述了我国环境工程建设过程中的污染控制方法,以及展开环境污染监测的紧迫性,接着从掌握工程建设的地质情况、收集各类可用的精准数据、给工程改造施工提供指导三个方面,分析了环境监测对环境工程改造的促进作用,最后还探讨了发挥环境监测作用的有效策略。     

建设项目环境影响回顾性评价实例

结合“三同时”项目竣工验收监测,对建设项目进行环境影响回顾性评价。回顾性评价内容包括：调查、核实项目建设的规模、内容以及污染物的治理设施;对应环评本底进行环境质量验证性监测;根据污染物达标排放监测结果,进行环保十持施有效性分析;清洁生产、循环经济执行情况;总量控制、环境管理体系的落实情况;以及公众调查、结论与建议等。     

Explosion pressure prediction via polynomial mathematical correlation based on advanced CFD Modelling

Computational Fluid Dynamics CFD can be used as a powerful tool supporting engineers throughout the steps of the design. The combination of CFD with response surface methodology can play an important role in such cases. During the conceptual engineering design phase, a quick response is always a matter of urgency. During this phase even a sketch of the geometrical model is rare. Therefore, the utilisation of typical response surface developed for congested and confined environment rather than CFD can be an important tool to help the decision making process, when the geometrical model is not available, provided that similarities can be considered when taking into account the characteristic of the geometry in which the response surface was developed. The present work investigates how three different types of response surfaces behave when predicting overpressure in accidental scenarios based on CFD input. First order, partial second order and complete second order polynomial expressions are investigated. The predicted results are compared with CFD findings for a classical offshore experiment conducted by British Gas on behalf of Mobil and good agreement is observed for higher order response surfaces. The higher order response surface calculations are also compared with CFD calculations for a typical offshore module and good agreement is also observed.     

建设项目业主安全责任与政府公共工程示范作用

根据目前国内事故统计资料,建设项目业主的违规行为已成为导致建筑伤亡事故发生的主要根源,尤其作为公共工程建设的政府业主的不规范行为现象更为突出.然而由于业主在建设过程中的强势地位,很难对业主加以监督和制衡.本文通过对业主在工程建设中的地位和属性的分析,借鉴发达国家和地区的业主在工程建设安全管理方面的经验,结合我国目前业主参与安全方面的现状,提出了规范业主的安全责任,鼓励业主参与安全管理的对策建议.并指出作为公共工程项目的政府业主,应正面参与工程安全管理并积极发挥公共工程示范作用,以此作为突破口带动我国建筑业整体安全与健康水平的提高和发展.     

我国页岩气勘查开发中的环境影响问题研究

我国页岩气开发仅处于理论研究阶段,但面对强劲的开发势头,提前开展相关问题研究十分必要;根据国外页岩气开发的工程经验,结合我国地质条件从页岩气勘探开发的工程特点入手,分析其可能产生的环境影响问题,并提出页岩气工程环境影响研究方向和评价体系,为我国页岩气开发工程的可持续发展提供科学参考。