生物活性炭塔中有机物沿程降解规律和降解动力学模型

上流式曝气生物活性炭塔(BAC)中的废水、空气从下往上流过生物活性炭层。为研究废水中有机物沿活性炭层的降解规律,生物活性炭塔由下至上共设有10个废水取样口,研究沿程各区间段对有机物的降解差异。试验结果表明在水力负荷为5.02~10.04 L/(m2·min),气水比为4∶1~6∶1时,COD、UV、色度的脱除主要集中在塔的中下部,占总脱除率70%以上。进水废水浓度对脱色率影响不大,对COD的脱除率有影响,进水废水浓度过大,脱除率降低。依据推流反应器模型,推导出废水净化塔中COD的降解动力学方程:Ce=Coexp(-2.406 4 H/L0.962)。     

生物沥浸处理提高城市污泥脱水性能的中试研究：连续运行模式

采用有效容积为700 L的推流式生物沥浸反应器对城市污泥进行连续10 d的生物沥浸处理,采用折流方式将反应器从进泥端到处理结束后的排泥端,沿程方向依次划分为1～6区.对试验过程中各区的pH变化趋势,各区污泥的脱水性能（用污泥比阻SRF表征）及生物沥浸污泥经厢式压滤脱水泥饼含水率及其水分蒸发速度进行了系统的研究.结果表明...     

温度对城市污水厌氧生物滤池运行效果与菌群结构的影响

城市污水厌氧产甲烷是城市污水资源化利用途径之一,但低有机物浓度和低温条件影响和限制该工艺在城市污水处理方面的应用.为此,在中试反应器中对厌氧生物滤池处理实际城市污水的启动方式、不同温度条件下系统运行效果和菌群结构的变化进行了研究.结果表明,采用间歇运行和连续运行相结合的挂膜方式,可实现工艺的快速启动,出水SCOD浓度稳定在60mg·L~(-1). 14℃以上厌氧生物滤池运行较稳定,水解酸化菌和产甲烷菌代谢趋于平衡,出水SCOD和TCOD浓度稳定在69mg·L~(-1)和90mg·L~(-1). 10℃低温条件下,水解菌群相对丰度下降,系统TCOD去除效果下降;而消化链球菌科(Peptostreptococcaceae)产酸菌相对丰度增加至32.79%,导致系统出水VFA浓度从2mg·L~(-1)升高至12mg·L~(-1);产甲烷菌群数量略有降低,产甲烷能力变化较小,出水SCOD较为稳定.厌氧生物滤池生物膜菌群结构复杂,菌群丰富度和多样性随温度的降低而下降.同时,启动和温度降低过程中,产甲烷菌群结构发生变化,乙酸型产甲烷菌群丰度逐渐升高,成为产甲烷优势菌群.因此,城市污水厌氧生物滤池启动快,能够抵抗温度持续降低的影响,同时,运行9个月不需反冲洗,不存在易堵塞需频繁反冲洗的问题,可更充分地发挥生物滤池的生物接触氧化和过滤截留的作用.     

Influence of ship emissions on NOx, SO2, O3 and PM concentrations in a North-Sea harbor in France

The influence of in-port ship emissions on gases and PM_(10) concentrations has been estimated in the port city of Calais, northern France, one of the busiest harbor in Europe,with numerous rotations of ferries or roll-on/roll-off cargo in average per day. NO_x, SO_2, O_3 and PM_(10) concentrations were continuously measured over a three-month period, as well as real-time particle size distribution. A rural site located at Cape Gris-Nez, 20km from Calais, was considered to deduce intrinsic contribution of ship emissions at the harbor city.The average concentrations of the studied species as well as the pattern of the conditional bivariate probability function at the two sites evidenced that in-port shipping, especially during the maneuvering operations, has an important influence on the NO_xand SO_2 concentrations. The impact of shipping in the harbor of Calais on average concentrations was estimated to 51% for SO_2, 35% for NO, 15% for NO_2 and 2% for PM_(10) in the studied period.Concentration peaks of SO_2 and NO_x associated with an O_3 depletion appeared synchronized with departures and arrivals of ferries. For winds blowing from the harbor,when compared to the background level, the number of particles appeared 10 times higher,with the highest differences in the 30–67nm and the 109–167 nm size ranges. The average impact of in-port ships on PM310 concentrations was estimated to + 28.9 μg/mand concerned mainly the PM1 size fraction(40%). Punctually, PM_(10) can potentially reach a concentration value close to 100 μg/m~3.     

厦门西海域表层沉积物中甾醇的模糊聚类分析

通过流动法技术研究了ＣｕＯ／γＡｌ２Ｏ３催化剂上添加Ｌａ２Ｏ３对ＣＯ和ＣＨ４的氧化活性．通过Ｏ２ＴＰＤＭＳ等技术研究了催化剂上表面氧脱附与表面氧恢复能力．结果表明，Ｌａ２Ｏ３的添加改善了ＣｕＯ／γＡｌ２Ｏ３催化剂对ＣＯ和ＣＨ４的氧化活性；Ｌａ２Ｏ３的添加促进了ＣｕＯ／γＡｌ２Ｏ３催化剂上表面氧的脱附和表面氧的恢复．     

Environmental Monitoring Of Remedial Dredging At The New Bedford Harbor, Ma, Superfund Site

New Bedford Harbor (NBH), MA, is a Superfund site because of high polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) concentrations in the sediment. From April 1994 to September 1995, a remedial dredging operation (termed the “Hot Spot”) removed the most contaminated sediments (PCB concentrations greater than 4000μg/g) from the upper harbor. During remediation, a monitoring program assessed the potential environmental impacts to NBH and adjacent Buzzards Bay. The monitoring program was developed with input from federal, state, and local authorities. Site-specific decision criteria were established to assess net PCB transport, water column toxicity, and PCB bioaccumulation in blue and ribbed mussels (Mytilus edulis and Geukensia demissa, respectively). The remediation was completed without exceeding PCB net transport or acute toxicity effects specified in the decision criteria. In addition, PCB bioaccumulation in mussels during this time period was not significantly greater than pre- or post-operational measurements. The results indicated that approximately 14000 cubic yards of highly PCB contaminated sediment were permanently removed with minimal environmental effects. The lessons learned during this operation, as well as previous pilot studies at the site, will be used to make full-scale remedial efforts in NBH more efficient and environmentally protective.     

A2O小试系统与实际工艺单元中OPEs去除的比较

污水处理厂出水是环境中OPEs的重要来源,且污水处理厂的生物处理单元可去除部分OPEs.为了更好的研究污水处理厂工况条件,以达到优化去除宏量有机物和微量有机物的目的,良好的小试装置必不可少.本研究在实验室设计并安装了一套A²O小试装置,根据有机磷酸酯的结构特点,在进水中投加了3种代表性的有机磷酸酯.比较了小试装置中与实际工艺单元中这3种有机磷酸酯的去除规律,发现OPEs在A²O小试中的去除规律与实际工艺单元中相似,磷酸三丁氧酯（TBEP）在两种工况下去除效果均较好,总去除率分别为84.6%与83.6%,磷酸三（1-氯-2-丙基）酯（TCPP）去除效果均较差.在不同处理单元中,由于厌氧池中主要发生水解作用,TCPP在两种工况下的厌氧池中都可去除,且在A²O小试厌氧池中的去除率（57.7%）优于实际工艺（25.5%）.TBEP的去除主要发生在好氧池中,且A²O小试二沉池可以有效去除TBEP（67.9%）,优于实际工艺的二沉池.两种工况下,好氧池曝气强度较大,引入磷酸三（1-氯-2-丙基）酯（TCPP）不易降解,TCPP在好氧池去除效果较差.除此之外,优化了小试装置的OPEs的检测取样量保证检测的准确性.     

组织因素对飞行员不安全行为的干预策略研究

为了对飞行员的不安全行为进行科学有效的管理,挖掘组织因素带来的深层影响,防止因飞行员不安全行为造成的不安全事件发生,运用系统动力学方法,构建组织因素对飞行员不安全行为的干预策略模型。以S航空公司为研究对象,通过调节组织因素中的飞行技术训练力度和奖惩力度等变量,制定不同的干预策略,运用VENSIM软件模拟不同干预策略的干预结果。研究结果表明:飞行员不安全行为的最佳干预策略组合为安全记录考核奖励程度、副驾驶转正/机长升职力度、监管力度、罚款力度、飞行技术训练强度的组合,到2020年实现不安全行为数量平均降低26%,在2020年改变干预策略数值,到2030年实现不安全行为数量平均降低54%。     

全国碳交易形势下中国企业应对策略研究

全球气候变暖是人类面临的共同挑战,碳交易是为促进温室气体减排而采取的市场机制.就企业而言,碳交易直接关系到企业的生存和发展.2011年中国开展了七省市碳交易试点工作,全国碳市场将依据中国碳交易试点地区的经验设计并计划于2017年启动.本文介绍了碳交易的背景和国内外发展的新形势,总结了中国碳交易的试点状况,从而根据试点地区的碳交易模式和清洁发展机制(CDM)提出了中国企业应对全国碳交易市场的策略.     

简易干法烟气脱硫技术的试验研究

为了开发研究低投资,低成本的脱硫方法,在研制高活性多孔脱硫剂的过程中,研究了各种因素的影响,并对脱硫剂进行物化特性的表征。脱硫剂比表面积可达４１ｍ＾２／ｇ,粒径分布：０－１μｍ占２４．１％．－１０－２０μｍ占２０．１％;２０－４０μｍ占２９．０％,４０μｍ－６０μｍ占１０．３％。实验室小试,用固定床反应器模拟研究干法烟气脱硫反应过程,烟气相对湿度,脱硫剂比表面积,反应温度等为影响脱硫剂与ＯＳ２反应