Removal of Ni(II) and Cu(II) ions using native and acid treated Ni-hyperaccumulator plant Alyssum discolor from Turkish serpentine soil

Alyssum discolor biomass was collected from serpentine soil and was used for removal of metal ions. The plant species grown on serpentine soils are known to be rich with metals ions and thus have more capability for accumulating heavy metals. Native and acid-treated biomass of A. discolor (A. discolor) were utilized for the removal of Ni(II) and Cu(II) ions from aqueous solutions. The effects of contact time, initial concentration, and pH on the biosorption of Ni(II) and Cu(II) ions were investigated. Biosorption equilibrium was established in about 60 min. The surface properties of the biomass preparations were varied with pH, and the maximum amounts of Ni(II) and Cu(II) ions on both A. discolor biomass preparations were adsorbed at pH 5.0. The maximum biosorption capacities of the native, and acid-treated biomass preparations for Ni(II) were 13.1 and 34.7 mg g⁻¹ and for Cu(II) 6.15 and 17.8 mg g⁻¹ dry biomass, respectively. The biosorption of Ni(II) and Cu(II) ions from single and binary component systems can be successfully described by Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. When the heavy metal ions were in competition, the amounts of biosorbed metal ions on the acid treated plant biomass were found to be 0.542 mmol g⁻¹ for Ni(II) and 0.162 mmol g⁻¹ for Cu(II), the A. discolor biomass was significantly selective for Ni(II) ions. The information gained from these studies was expected to indicate whether the native, and acid-treated forms can have the potential to be used for the removal and recovery of Ni(II) ions from wastewaters.     

Dechlorination of chlorinated hydrocarbons by bimetallic Ni/Fe immobilized on polyethylene glycol-grafted microfiltration membranes under anoxic conditions

In this study, the dechlorination of chlorinated hydrocarbons including trichloroethylene (TCE), tetrachloroethylene (PCE) and carbon tetrachloride (CT) by bimetallic Ni/Fe nanoparticles immobilized on four different membranes was investigated under anoxic conditions. Effects of several parameters including the nature of membrane, initial concentration, pH value, and reaction temperature on the dechlorination efficiency were examined. The scanning electron microscopic images showed that the Ni/Fe nanoparticles were successfully immobilized inside the four membranes using polyethylene glycol as the cross-linker. The agglomeration of Ni/Fe were observed in poly(vinylidene fluoride), Millex GS and mixed cellulose ester membranes, while a relatively uniform distribution of Ni/Fe was found in nylon-66 membrane because of its hydrophilic nature. The immobilized Ni/Fe nanoparticles exhibited good reactivity towards the dechlorination of chlorinated hydrocarbons, and the pseudo-first-order rate constant for TCE dechlorination by Ni/Fe in nylon-66 were 3.7-11.7 times higher than those in other membranes. In addition, the dechlorination efficiency of chlorinated hydrocarbons followed the order TCE > PCE > CT. Ethane was the only end product for TCE and PCE dechlorination, while dichloromethane and methane were found to be the major products for CT dechlorination, clearly indicating the involvement of reactive hydrogen species in dechlorination. In addition, the initial rate constant for TCE dechlorination increased upon increasing initial TCE concentrations and the activation energy for TCE dechlorination by immobilized Ni/Fe was 34.9 kJ mol⁻¹, showing that the dechlorination of TCE by membrane-supported Ni/Fe nanoparticles is a surface-mediated reaction.     

Ni2+胁迫对铜绿微囊藻（Microcystis aeruginosa）和集胞藻（Synechocystis sp.）的生长和光合色素的影响(Effects of Nickel on Growth and Photosynthetic Pigments of Microcystis aeruginosa and Synechocystis sp.)

光合作用是蓝藻生长繁殖的生理基础,研究重金属胁迫下蓝藻光合色素的变化和响应,有助于揭示其受害机理.在实验室无菌纯培养条件下,研究了不同浓度Ni2+处理下铜绿微囊藻和集胞藻的生物量和光合色素随时间的变化趋势.结果表明:浓度为5mg·L-1～25mg·L-1的Ni2+对M.aerugonisa的生长有抑制作用,随着处理剂量的增加和处理时间的延长,抑制作用愈加显著;在短时间(24h)内,Ni2+对Synechocystissp.的生长没有显著影响,随胁迫时间延长呈现出抑制作用;Ni2+处理M.aerugonisa至24h及Synechocystis sp.至48h时,藻细胞光吸收能力整体上受到明显抑制;5mg·L-1～25mg·L-1的Ni2+胁迫下,M.aerugonisa和Synechocystis sp.的叶绿素a含量随胁迫时间延长而降低;在叶绿素a(Chla)、藻蓝蛋白(PC)和别藻蓝蛋白(APC)三种光合色素中,藻蓝蛋白(PC)对Ni2+胁迫最为敏感,是Ni2+伤害蓝藻的重要作用位点.Ni2+对M.aerugonisa的抑制作用比Synechocystis sp.更明显.     

Ni、Zn对三疣梭子蟹幼体发育的慢性毒性(The Chronic Toxicity of Ni and Zn on Larval Development of Portunus trituberculatus)

为研究Ni、Zn对三疣梭子蟹幼体的毒性,进行了浓度为1/4至8倍渔业水质标准的Ni、Zn(Ni为0.05～0.4mg·L-1;Zn为0.1～0.8mg·L-1)对蟹幼体生长发育的毒性影响试验.1)Ni对蟹幼体生长发育的毒性影响:Ni浓度为1～8倍渔业水质标准时,蟹幼体混合存活率极显著低于对照组(p<0.01).Ni浓度为4倍渔业水质标准时,蟹幼体发育至Z4就全部死亡,8倍仅发育至Z2就全部死亡;4倍以上时,各期幼体存活率和阶段存活率均显著低于对照组(p<0.05或p<0.01).4倍以上时,蟹幼体发育的最短和最长时间及平均时间均显著高于对照组(p<0.05或p<0.01).这说明,进行三疣梭子蟹幼体培育,4倍以上Ni浓度为不适浓度,1～2倍为可行浓度,1/2倍以下为适宜浓度.2)Zn对蟹幼体生长发育的毒性影响结果发现,Zn浓度为8倍渔业水质标准时,蟹幼体混合存活率显著低于对照组(p<0.01),4倍以下时没有显著差异(p>0.05).4倍时蟹幼体仅发育至C1就全部死亡,8倍仅发育至Z2就全部死亡;4～8倍时各期幼体存活率和阶段存活率均极显著低于对照组(p<0.01).2倍以上时,蟹幼体发育的最短时间显著高于对照组(p<0.05);4倍以上时,蟹幼体发育的平均时间显著高于对照组(p<0.05).这说明,进行三疣梭子蟹幼体培育,4倍以上Zn浓度为不适浓度,2倍Zn浓度为可行浓度,1倍以下为适宜浓度.     

钯/泡沫镍阴极对水中微量氯贝酸的电催化氢化还原脱氯研究

氯贝酸（Clofibric acid, CA）是一种常见药品和个人护理品（PPCPs）类物质,在环境中具有持久性和稳定性.常规的水处理技术难以去除微量的CA,采用电催化氢化脱氯的方法可有效实现脱氯.本研究考察了CA初始浓度、工作电位、阴极液初始pH、反应温度、钯载量和电解质Na₂SO₄的浓度等多种因素对氯贝酸降解的影响.结果表明,CA的脱氯降解符合一级动力学方程,在工作电位为-0.85 V vs Ag/AgCl,钯负载量为0.20 mg·cm^-2,Na₂SO₄浓度为10 mmol·L^-1,初始阴极液pH为4.6,反应温度控制在303 K时,经过120 min的反应后,初始浓度为5 mg·L^-1的CA降解率达98%.因此利用钯/泡沫镍电极电催化还原降解废水中的CA具有很大的应用潜力.     

促进植物提取技术高效修复镍污染土壤的方法

随着对重金属超富集植物研究的加深,用植物提取技术来改良镍污染土壤已逐步进入实用阶段。在此所探讨的提高此技术功效的方法基于2个方面：提高土壤溶液中镍的浓度,促进植物对镍的吸收;根据已了解的超富集的生理机制可能采取的一些措施。     

Raney Ni催化4-溴联苯加氢降解研究

以4-溴联苯为模型化合物,研究在H2作氢源、RaneyNi作催化剂条件下4-溴联苯的加氢脱溴反应,并调查了溶剂、碱及温度对加氢脱溴的影响,以及不同催化剂的催化效果.结果表明:相比贵金属催化剂(Ru/C、Pt/C、Pd/C),RaneyNi价廉且有较高的催化活性,具有实际应用价值;有机溶剂中添加适量的水可显著促进加氢脱溴反应,在乙醇/水(V/V)=85/15的溶液中,仅30min4-溴联苯就可100%脱溴;而在纯乙醇中,反应60min,尚有10%的4-溴联苯没有降解.另外,碱(NaOH)的加入可明显提高催化剂的活性,n(NaOH)∶n(HBr)=1.1∶1时,仅需30min4-溴联苯就完全被RaneyNi催化加氢降解;而n(NaOH)∶n(HBr)=2∶1时,反应60min,只有约93%的4-溴联苯发生了加氢降解,因此,碱的加入量以超过其化学反应剂量10%为宜.在温和条件(30～45℃、常压约101kPa)下,RaneyNi可催化4-溴联苯完全脱溴产生联苯,同时,联苯作为重要的化工产品可回收再利用.由此可见,多相催化加氢脱溴有望发展成为控制和消减多溴二苯醚等持久性卤代有机污染物的绿色降解技术.     

B10铜镍合金与H62黄铜的电偶腐蚀及电绝缘研究

主要研究了船舶海水系统中B10铜镍合金与H62黄铜间的电偶腐蚀性能及电绝缘控制方法。通过电位监测、极化曲线测试考察了两种材料的电偶腐蚀倾向;通过电偶腐蚀试验、SEM观察和EDS分析考察了试样的电偶腐蚀程度、微观腐蚀形貌和成分变化;通过串联不同阻值电阻的模拟电绝缘试验,测定了两材料偶合的电绝缘判据。结果表明,B10与H62黄铜间存在明显的电偶腐蚀倾向,直接偶连时H62黄铜发生严重的脱锌腐蚀。电绝缘技术是控制电偶腐蚀的有效措施之一,串联电阻大于等于20kΩ时,可基本消除B10与H62黄铜间的电偶腐蚀。     

Catalytic reductive dechlorination of p–chlorophenol in water using Ni/Fe nanoscale particles

Nanoscale bimetallic Ni/Fe particles were synthesized from the reaction of sodium borohydride （NaBH4） with reduction of Ni^2＋ and Fe^2＋ in aqueous solution. The obtained Ni/Fe particles were characterized by TEM （transmission electron microscope）, XRD （X-ray diffractometer）, and N2-BET. The dechlorination activity of the Ni/Fe was investigated using p-chlorophenol （p-CP） as a probe agent. Results demonstrated that the nanoscale Ni/Fe could effectively dechlorinate p-CP at relatively low metal to solution ratio of 0.4 g/L （Ni 5 wt%）. The target with initial concentration ofp-CP 0.625 mmol/L was dechlorinted completely in 60 rain under ambient temperature and pressure. Factors affecting dechlorination efficiency, including reaction temperature, pH, Ni loading percentage over Fe, and metal to solution ratio, were investigated. The possible mechanism of dechlorination ofp-CP was proposed and discussed. The pseudo-first- order reaction took place on the surface of the Ni/Fe bimetallic particles, and the activation energy of the dechlorination reaction was determined to be 21.2 kJ/mol at the temperature rang of 287-313 K.     

载铁ACF/Ni阴极电化学体系除藻效能与机制

采用化学浸渍法将Fe@Fe₂O₃纳米线负载在活性炭纤维/泡沫镍上组成Fe@Fe₂O₃/ACF/Ni复合阴极,以钛基铂（Pt/Ti）为阳极,考察载铁量、初始pH值和不同电化学体系对除藻效果的影响,探究无供氧条件下Pt/Ti-Fe@Fe₂O₃/ACF/Ni电化学体系除藻的效能;基于·OH间接检测、铁离子浓度、H₂O₂浓度及pH值的分析和·O₂^-的检测研究Pt/Ti-Fe@Fe₂O₃/ACF/Ni中性电化学体系反应机制.结果表明,当制备阴极阶段投加0.03g FeCl₃×6H₂O,初始藻浓度为0.7×10⁹~0.8×10⁹个/L,电流密度为75mA/cm²,初始pH6.2时,电解60min,该体系除藻率可达到92.3%.在Pt/Ti-Fe@Fe₂O₃/ACF/Ni电化学体系中,Fe@Fe₂O₃/ACF/Ni阴极可通过电化学反应产生大量·OH和·O₂^-,使藻细胞破裂死亡;该体系除藻的主要机理是非均相电Fenton反应.