黄土丘陵沟壑区大空间尺度林草植被减沙方程的尺度适应性

黄土丘陵沟壑区大空间尺度植被减沙方程是分析黄土高原植被变化产沙效应的有效工具,其在不同空间尺度的适应性对于黄河水沙情势变化研究十分重要。运用数值试验方法,研究黄土丘陵沟壑区大空间尺度林草植被减沙方程在小流域、子流域和栅格等3种空间尺度的适应性。结果显示,黄土丘陵沟壑区大空间尺度林草植被减沙方程在各空间尺度的总体估算偏差（D）由小到大排序为小流域（D=52.26%）<子流域（D=60.07%）<栅格（D=92.17%）,纳什效率系数（NSE）由大到小排序为小流域（0.21）>子流域（-0.31）>栅格（-0.80）。可见,黄土丘陵沟壑区大空间尺度植被减沙方程在约500 km²以上的流域单元较为适用,在500 km²以下的子流域和栅格单元不适用。该研究成果可为黄土丘陵沟壑区大空间尺度林草植被减沙方程的推广应用提供参考。     

我国的机电产品环境适应性研究

开展机电产品环境适应性研究是提升我国机电产品质量和市场竞争力的重要手段.本文介绍了机电产品环境适应性研究的目的和内容、回顾了我国开展机电产品环境适应性研究的历史、总结了目前本领域国内外研究现状,指出了我国与国外先进水平之间的差距,并对我国机电产品环境适应性研究的未来发展提出建议.     

Rights,Standards and Quality in a Complex Humanitarian Space: Is Sphere the Right Tool?

The Sphere Project (consisting of both the Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards for Disaster Response) has made prominent contributions to the debates, thinking and work on the quality of assistance and accountability of aid agencies. However, since its inception in 1997, several agencies expressed concerns regarding Sphere's approach, many of which were confirmed by the Sphere evaluation (2002/3). The present article restates these concerns, and addresses more fundamental issues regarding Sphere's cornerstone. It questions the validity of Sphere's rights-based approach, which consists of a tenuous link between the rights of affected populations and standards for technical interventions. Sphere is founded on "the right to assistance", although this right does not exist in international law. Its elaboration would entail solving several complex legal and political issues, which Sphere fails to address. This article also questions the validity and usefulness of universal standards for technical performance in helping relief agencies provide adapted assistance to disaster-affected populations, in line with their mandates and principles. It suggests that Sphere's approach and content largely reflect the concerns, priorities and values of technical professionals in Northern agencies, leaving limited space to genuine "participation" by affected populations and partners from the South.     

丽江垃圾填埋场地质环境影响因素及适宜性评价

丽江是滇西北一座生动而非凡的名城,它集世界文化遗产、世界自然遗产、世界记忆遗产三项桂冠于一体,是＂茶马古道重镇＂,＂南方丝绸之路＂要塞,特色鲜明,开发投资潜力无穷。生活垃圾卫生填埋场的选址涉及多方面因素,该文通过对丽江市生活垃圾填埋的历史与现状、填埋量、填埋场分布等状况的分析,用层次分析法对正在使用填埋场进行适宜性评价,文章分析了导致污染的主要环境地质问题,对已污染填埋场的治理和未来填埋场的选址具有指导意义。     

舰载机载成附件环境适应性设计与管理

以某型舰载机沿用/选用、新研/改进机载成品、附件为例,提出了一套适用于舰载电子设备、生命保障与环控设备、生活设施等机载成品、附件的环境适应性设计、试验与管理方法,规范了舰载机载成附件的腐蚀防护与控制设计程序与方法,为型号设计定型提供了有力保障,为后续机型的机载成附件环境工程工作的开展积累了经验。     

火场环境下无人机热损伤试验研究

无人机(UAV)逐步运用于火场搜救,但同时会因为火场高温而受损,为提高UAV在火场救援中的工作效率,设计一种UAV动态测试平台,开展UAV火场飞行试验;分析火场环境下UAV的热损伤情况,探究UAV在火场中的机身温度变化特征和UAV火场飞行安全距离。结果表明:火场热辐射和热对流是造成UAV热损伤的主要形式;旋翼产生的气流场对UAV机身有较为明显的降温效应,在试验工况下最高有25.6℃的降温作用;UAV与火焰的相对距离减少会增加机身的热损伤,在距离0.8 m处开始发生不可逆热损坏,试验工况下UAV火场飞行的安全距离为0.8 m。     

大熊猫迁居碧峰峡新生境的适应能力研究

2003年10月至2005年10月,对21只圈养于四川卧龙和3只圈养于蜂桶寨自然保护区的大熊猫迁居到雅安碧峰峡全新生境,并以散放养方式保护的大熊猫种群的适应能力进行了研究.环境年平均气温为13.9℃±7.5℃,夏季(6～8月)较炎热(22.3℃±3.8℃),冬季(12～2月)较寒冷(4.8℃±3.9℃);动物对竹子取食秋季最少(5.9kg±1.3kg),冬季最多(8.1kg±2.0kg),5月为次高峰期(8.0kg±1.5kg),喜食竹类为刺竹→苦竹→水竹;动物平均日活动时间6.5h,活动节律和时间与卧龙比较有极显著的改变(P<0.01,N=24);动物对环境、食物等的改变有较强的适应能力,约需3～6mo;但完全适应自然气候等因素的改变则需1a;疾病的发生频率依次为:消化道疾病、皮肤病、蛔虫感染、呼吸道疾病、脑血管疾病等;除气候湿热、土壤粘结、日照偏少、风雨雷电较多等自然因素外,动物在生理、行为、采食、排泄、抗病力及生长发育等各方面基本正常.图4表2参22     

敦煌地区干热与干冷环境特征研究

目的 建立大气环境干热、干冷环境特征的表征方法,以便定量表征大气环境干热、干冷的严酷性,为高分子材料及产品在该地区的老化试验与评估提供参考。方法 设置温度-相对湿度组合为临界值,统计给定时期内温度高于临界温度、相对湿度低于临界相对湿度的时间为干热时间,统计给定时间内温度低于临界温度、相对湿度低于临界相对湿度的时间为干冷时间,并以干热时间、干冷时间占给定时期总时间的百分比来表征干热、干冷环境特征,研究临界条件、数据间隔时间对干热、干冷特征的影响。结果 以25 ℃RH40%、5 ℃ RH40%为临界条件分别统计干热时间和干冷时间的月、年百分比,可表征大气环境的干热、干冷特征。敦煌6、7月份为干热严酷月,月干热时间百分比超过40%,1、2月份为干冷严酷月,月干冷时间百分比可超过70%。结论 临界温度、临界相对湿度、统计年份、数据间隔时间等对统计结果有较大的影响。     

Are followers satisfied with conscientious leaders? The moderating influence of leader role authenticity

Leadership scholars have yet to identify a clear and consistent relationship between leader conscientiousness and followers' satisfaction with a leader. Drawing from socioanalytic theory and related personality research, we argue that the underlying motives of leader conscientiousness can manifest in systematically different behaviors aimed at team task accomplishment, ranging from rigid and order‐driven to relatively more adaptable approaches. Importantly, we posit that the relationship between a leader's conscientiousness and adaptability is conditioned by role authenticity (i.e., the extent to which a leader believes a role permits expressions of her or his “true self”). Hence, we articulate a conditional indirect effects model whereby leader conscientiousness and leader role authenticity jointly predict leader adaptability and, in turn, increasing levels of leader adaptability are positively associated with followers' shared satisfaction with their leader. Data from a sample of fire and rescue crews provide partial support for the model. Post hoc analyses suggest that the conditioning influence of leader role authenticity on leader conscientiousness is more informative when subfacets of conscientiousness are considered.     

舰载机载设备腐蚀环境适应性要求的剪裁

目的构建一套具有更高要求的舰载机载设备腐蚀环境适应性考核与评价指标。方法在满足GJB150.A—2009基本试验条件(指标)的基础上,参考相关标准规范,遵循"环境分区原则"和"优先使用实测强度原则"进行剪裁。结果获得了舰载机内部封闭、内部半封闭和敞开/外露三类不同环境区域安装的机载设备的湿热、霉菌、盐雾、酸性大气试验考核指标。结论试验指标剪裁依据充分合理,能够适用于舰载机机载设备及其附件的腐蚀环境适应性评估与验证。