工业污染源产排污系数存在问题分析及修订建议

通过对基层环境统计部门工业源产排污系数实际应用调研,结合当前环境保护重点工作和相关资料查阅等,分析了工业污染源产排污系数存在的主要问题:部分工业源产排污系数缺失,部分工业源产排污系数与实际偏差较大等。针对存在的主要问题提出了有优先顺序的修订建议,以期对第二次全国污染源普查工作提供有益参考。     

Gaseous mercury emissions from unsterilized and sterilized soils: The effect of temperature and UV radiation

Mercury (Hg) emissions from the soils taken from two different sites (deciduous and coniferous forests) in the Adirondacks were measured in outdoor and laboratory experiments. Some of the soil samples were irradiated to eliminate biological activity. The result from the outdoor measurements with different soils suggests the Hg emission from the soils is partly limited by fallen leaves covering the soils which helps maintain relatively high soil moisture and limits the amount of heat and solar radiation reaching the soil surface. In laboratory experiments exposure to UV-A (365 nm) had no significant effect on the Hg emissions while the Hg emissions increased dramatically during exposure to UV-B (302 nm) light suggesting UV-B directly reduced soil-associated Hg. Overall these results indicate that for these soils biotic processes have a relatively constant and smaller influence on the Hg emission from the soil than the more variable abiotic processes.     

Determining floodplain sedimentation rates using Cs in a low fallout environment dominated by channel- and cultivation-derived sediment inputs, central Queensland, Australia

Fallout ¹³⁷Cs has been widely used to determine floodplain sedimentation rates in temperate environments, particularly in the northern hemisphere. Its application in low fallout, tropical environments in the southern hemisphere has been limited. In this study we assess the utility of ¹³⁷Cs for determining rates of floodplain sedimentation in a dry-tropical catchment in central Queensland, Australia. Floodplain and reference site cores were analysed in two centimetre increments, depth profiles were produced and total ¹³⁷Cs inventories calculated from the detailed profile data. Information on the rates of ¹³⁷Cs migration through local soils was obtained from the reference site soil cores. This data was used in an advection–diffusion model to account of ¹³⁷Cs mobility in floodplain sediment cores. This allowed sedimentation rates to be determined without the first year of detection for ¹³⁷Cs being known and without having to assume that ¹³⁷Cs remains immobile following deposition. Caesium-137 depth profiles in this environment are demonstrated to be an effective way of determining floodplain sedimentation rates. The total ¹³⁷Cs inventory approach was found to be less successful, with only one of the three sites analysed being in unequivocal agreement with the depth profile results. The input of sediment from catchment sources that have little, or no, ¹³⁷Cs attached results in true depositional sites having total inventories that are not significantly different from those of undisturbed reference sites.     

OECD国家经验对我国排污收费制度的启示

我国现行排污收费制度虽发挥了筹集污染治理经费的功能，但未能达到促进污染物减排的功效。针对这一问题，借鉴OECD国家经验，提出国内应将排污收费标准提高至不低于治理成本；同时需根据成本的有效性确定收费对象。     

Effects of Oil‐Palm Plantations on Diversity of Tropical Anurans

Agriculturally altered vegetation, especially oil‐palm plantations, is rapidly increasing in Southeast Asia. Low species diversity is associated with this commodity, but data on anuran diversity in oil‐palm plantations are lacking. We investigated how anuran biological diversity differs between forest and oil‐palm plantation, and whether observed differences in biological diversity of these areas is linked to specific environmental factors. We hypothesized that biological diversity is lower in plantations and that plantations support a larger proportion of disturbance‐tolerant species than forest. We compared species richness, abundance, and community composition between plantation and forest areas and between site types within plantation and forest (forest stream vs. plantation stream, forest riparian vs. plantation riparian, forest terrestrial vs. plantation terrestrial). Not all measures of biological diversity differed between oil‐palm plantations and secondary forest sites. Anuran community composition, however, differed greatly between forest and plantation, and communities of anurans in plantations contained species that prosper in disturbed areas. Although plantations supported large numbers of breeding anurans, we concluded the community consisted of common species that were of little conservation concern (commonly found species include Fejervarya limnocharis, Microhyla heymonsi, and Hylarana erythrea). We believe that with a number of management interventions, oil‐palm plantations can provide habitat for species that dwell in secondary forests. Efectos de las Plantaciones de Palma de Aceite sobre la Diversidad de Anuros Tropicales Faruk et al.     

危险废物回转式流化冷渣多段焚烧系统焚烧特性研究

危险废物的处理和处置是摆在我国各级市政府面前的紧迫任务。然而我国已经运行的危险废物焚烧装置普遍存在回转窑挂壁结渣、热灼减率偏高和污染排放超标等问题,作者通过将回转窑和流化床特点相结合的方法提出了一种新型危险废物回转式流化冷渣多段焚烧处置装置。该装置采用回转窑(一燃室)、二燃室和流化床结合的热解-流化焚烧工艺,特别是采用控制窑头温度避免了回转窑挂壁结渣;采用流化冷渣装置延长未燃烬渣的焚烧时间,解决了热灼减率偏高问题;水冷式烟气急冷装置可以将烟气温度从1 100℃降到200℃,防止了二恶英的尾部低温再生成。该系统运行稳定可靠,可以处理医疗垃圾和大多数的固态和液态危险废物,实现了烟气污染物尤其是二恶英排放达到国家标准的目标。同时对该系统运行时窑头温度分布、二燃室炉膛出口氧量变化、回转窑和炉膛升温特性、燃烧室外壁温度分布等几方面运行数据都进行了详细的介绍,为危险废物焚烧炉的运行提供了宝贵的经验数据。     

燃煤工业锅炉减排NO_x研究分析

通过对我国燃煤工业锅炉NOx排放、污染现状和国内外控制技术进行分析,提出燃煤工业锅炉NOx控制对策和措施,并提出低氮燃烧是降低NOx排放的最经济技术。     

中国地级城市碳减排目标实现时间测算

应对气候变化联合声明使得中国城市碳减排工作日益重要。基于《城市温室气体核算国际标准》提供的方法,从各项能源消耗、工业产品生产、城市生活垃圾焚烧和城市绿地碳汇等四个方面测算了中国100个城市2002-2012年直接碳排放总量,根据城市的人均碳排放曲线将它们分成了高、中、低碳三类城市,分别包括10,36,54个城市。根据环境库兹涅茨曲线,针对不同的碳排放城市类型构建了2类碳排放与经济发展关系的经济计量模型。研究表明,中国城市碳排放轨迹遵循倒"U"型,但是各城市间的碳排放-经济模式存在巨大差异,包含至少五种:高-高碳城市呈现正"U"型发展轨迹,其余四类的发展模式都呈现倒"U"型,特别是中碳城市群;这四类发展模式存在不同的碳排放-经济发展曲线,存在不同的人均碳排放和碳排放总量的峰值;但是,低碳城市群碳排放与经济发展的倒U关系不是非常显著。利用该模型结果,基于各城市人均GDP发展速度,测算了各城市未来人均碳排放拐点和碳排放总量拐点的到达时间。测算结果表明,如果各城市仍然按照2012年前的碳排放-经济模式发展,那么仅有44%的城市能在2030年前顺利达峰。因此,达峰时间比较长的城市必须实施低碳发展战略,当中高碳城市类的人均碳排放峰值下降10%或者低碳城市类下降20%时,基本在2030年达峰。     

碳税政策对我国电力系统碳减排的影响分析

碳税通常被认为是成本有效的碳减排政策工具。本文利用综合资源规划评价模型,对我国电力系统在碳税征收情景下的碳减排影响进行了分析。研究显示,碳税政策不仅实现了二氧化碳排放量减少的政策目标,同时还促进了电力系统技术和燃料结构的低碳化发展。     

火电厂烟气在线监测系统存在的主要问题及进一步加强在线监测工作的建议

火电厂燃煤过程排放的污染物是我国大气污染的主要来源之一,烟气排放连续监测系统(CEMS)是实现烟气排放连续监测有效的现代化仪器设备。介绍了目前我国火电厂烟气的CEMS主要存在的问题,并针对这些存在的问题提出了相应的解决方案。