再入飞行力热环境测量的模型飞行试验设计

目的获取钝锥外形飞行器再入飞行力热环境参数,建立更为准确的环境预测模型,开展基于无控火箭的模型飞行试验设计。方法根据转捩区、湍流区时间提出了无控惯性飞行弹道的落速约束。根据环境预测建模需要,确定环境参数类型及测点布局。采用弹道耦合的气动加热计算模型、脉动压力预示的工程算法、脉动压力与发动机激励下振动响应的相似外推方法等计算分析飞行全程的内外温度、时均压力、脉动压力和振动环境。结果得到了温度、压力和振动环境的极值,确定了主要测量技术要求。结论外部温度量程范围为0~400℃,可测量的最大温度变化率不低于20℃/s。压阻式传感器量程上限为25PSI,压电式传感器量程上限为5 PSI,耐高温环境不低于220℃且具有温度补偿功能。振动量程范围为–100g~+100g。     

再入环境测量火箭测试平台总体设计与关键技术

目的研究弹头再入飞行时表面的脉动压力等参数特征及变化规律,借助火箭测试平台飞行试验,同步获取自由飞行状态下载荷段外部脉动压力、时均压力、温度与内部结构振动、冲击响应数据,认识和预测脉动压力载荷与结构响应的相关性,同时为结构响应等效的数值模拟验证提供支撑。方法根据飞行试验测试的目的和要求,计算火箭测试平台的总体参数和设计系统组成,开展总体设计技术、测试系统设计技术、防热设计技术、气动弹道设计技术等关键技术研究。结果设计了再入环境测量火箭测试平台,并完成了地面试验验证,用于开展飞行试验,获取典型再入环境下的气动力热数据、弹道参数和结构响应数据。结论通过地面试验,验证了再入环境测量火箭测试平台总体设计的正确性和系列关键技术的有效性。     

燃煤电厂中微量元素迁移释放研究

基于原煤、飞灰及底灰的测试分析，对晋北一家燃煤电厂中硫等43种元素向环境的迁移释放作了定量研究，结果表明：Al等30种元素基本留在固体燃煤产物中；As等10种元素部分留在固体燃煤产物中，部分挥发到大气中；元素Br、Hg及硫基本挥发到大气中；各元素的挥发程度与自身的赋存状态及地球化学性质等有关。     

电阻型传感器原子氧密度及环境效应探测技术

阐述了开展电阻型原子氧密度与环境效应飞行探测实验的必要性和重要性。在对各种方案进行了比较和选择的基础上,进行了锇膜探测器及银膜探测器关键技术研究和可行性试验验证。最后,对开展我国原子氧环境飞行探测实验研究提出了一些建议。     

机翼带外挂高阶高频颤振特性研究

目的研究机翼带多外挂物引起的高阶高频颤振的特性,为类似事例提供参考。方法基于某飞机带多外挂物构形进行结构动力学建模与修正、颤振计算分析和低速颤振风洞试验,最终进行颤振飞行试验验证。结果颤振计算分析和低速颤振风洞试验,可以得出明显的以副翼旋转和机翼二扭为主的高阶高频颤振,颤振飞行试验随着速度的增加,频谱分析图中低频峰值逐渐减小,高频峰值不断明显,与风洞试验规律基本一致,有高阶高频颤振迹象。结论各种研究方法均可得出高阶高频颤振现象及其特点,基本证实高阶高频颤振的存在。     

Duty hours and incidents in flight among commercial airline pilots

Introduction. Working long duty hours has often been associated with increased risk of incidents and accidents in transport industries. Despite this, information regarding the intermediate relationship between duty hours and incident risk is limited. This study aimed to test a work hours/incident model to identify the interplay of factors contributing to incidents within the aviation industry. Methods. Nine hundred and fifty-four European-registered commercial airline pilots completed a 30-item survey investigating self-report attitudes and experiences of fatigue. Path analysis was used to test the proposed model. Results. The fit indices indicated this to be a good fit model (χ²?=?11.066, df?=?5, p?=?0.05; Comparative Fit Index?=?0.991; Normed Fit Index?=?0.984; Tucker–Lewis Index?=?0.962; Root Mean Square of Approximation?=?0.036). Highly significant relationships were identified between duty hours and sleep disturbance (r?=?0.18, p?r?=?0.40, p?r?=?0.43, p?Discussion. A critical pathway from duty hours through to self-reported incidents in flight was identified. Further investigation employing both objective and subjective measures of sleep and fatigue is needed.     

A bee in the corridor: centering and wall-following

In an attempt to better understand the mechanism underlying lateral collision avoidance in flying insects, we trained honeybees (Apis mellifera) to fly through a large (95-cm wide) flight tunnel. We found that, depending on the entrance and feeder positions, honeybees would either center along the corridor midline or fly along one wall. Bees kept following one wall even when a major (150-cm long) part of the opposite wall was removed. These findings cannot be accounted for by the “optic flow balance” hypothesis that has been put forward to explain the typical bees’ “centering response” observed in narrower corridors. Both centering and wall-following behaviors are well accounted for, however, by a control scheme called the lateral optic flow regulator, i.e., a feedback system that strives to maintain the unilateral optic flow constant. The power of this control scheme is that it would allow the bee to guide itself visually in a corridor without having to measure its speed or distance from the walls.     

基于相似理论的飞机实际着陆距离预测方法

为防止飞机着陆时冲出跑道事件的发生,提出一种基于相似理论的飞机实际着陆距离预测方法。首先,通过量纲分析法结合影响飞机实际着陆距离的主要因素,推导出表征实际着陆距离的无量纲方程;然后,利用真实飞行数据,得出不同接地俯仰角条件下飞机实际着陆距离的预测方程;最后,对比分析方程预测结果与由真实数据所得的飞机实际着陆距离。结果表明:采用该方法能够在不同接地俯仰角条件下预测飞机实际着陆距离;在小接地俯仰角条件下,预测值与实际值吻合度最高,最大绝对误差在50 m范围内,最大相对误差约为3%。     

Potential Effects of the United States-Mexico Border Fence on Wildlife

Abstract:  Security infrastructure along international boundaries threatens to degrade connectivity for wildlife. To explore potential effects of a fence under construction along the U.S.–Mexico border on wildlife, we assessed movement behavior of two species with different life histories whose regional persistence may depend on transboundary movements. We used radiotelemetry to assess how vegetation and landscape structure affect flight and natal dispersal behaviors of Ferruginous Pygmy-Owls ( Glaucidium brasilianum ), and satellite telemetry, gene-flow estimates, and least-cost path models to assess movement behavior and interpopulation connectivity of desert bighorn sheep ( Ovis canadensis mexicana ). Flight height of Pygmy-Owls averaged only 1.4 m (SE 0.1) above ground, and only 23% of flights exceeded 4 m. Juvenile Pygmy-Owls dispersed at slower speeds, changed direction more, and had lower colonization success in landscapes with larger vegetation openings or higher levels of disturbance ( p ≤ 0.047), which suggests large vegetation gaps coupled with tall fences may limit transboundary movements. Female bighorn sheep crossed valleys up to 4.9 km wide, and microsatellite analyses indicated relatively high levels of gene flow and migration (95% CI for F_ST= 0.010–0.115, Nm = 1.9–24.8, M = 10.4–15.4) between populations divided by an 11-km valley. Models of gene flow based on regional topography and movement barriers suggested that nine populations of bighorn sheep in northwestern Sonora are linked by dispersal with those in neighboring Arizona. Disruption of transboundary movement corridors by impermeable fencing would isolate some populations on the Arizona side. Connectivity for other species with similar movement abilities and spatial distributions may be affected by border development, yet mitigation strategies could address needs of wildlife and humans.     

基于飞行剖面的航空器试飞活动空管风险研究

为明确空中交通管理风险对航空器适航试飞活动不安全事件的影响,首先,依据航空器试飞科目绘制相应飞行剖面;其次,基于试飞活动飞行剖面,分析管制单位试飞保障流程,提取管制运行风险对试飞活动的影响因素;采用事故树分析法(FTA)分析事故发展过程,将事件和逻辑关系映射至贝叶斯网络(BN),依据国内外民航空管不安全事件分类统计结果...