页岩气压裂返排液的分析与双效MVR处理

对西南地区某页岩气田压裂返排液进行了分析,在此基础上采用双效机械蒸汽再压缩(MVR)系统对其进行处理,建立了完整的计算模型,并对影响系统的主要参数进行了探讨。压裂返排液分析结果表明:蒸发浓缩液黏度与相同浓度氯化钠溶液的黏度相近,可排除因有机物富集导致其在蒸发器内壁附着而影响传热系数及堵塞蒸发器的可能。模型计算结果表明:进料含盐率由2%增至6%时,压缩机比功耗与压缩机进气量的降幅均小于4.0%,两效蒸发器面积分别减小约4.3%和18.5%;传热温差由4℃升至8℃时,压缩机比功耗增加约51.0%,两效蒸发器面积均减小约49.6%;在系统安全运行的前提下,提高蒸发温度可降低系统能耗。     

页岩气压裂返排液处理技术的研究进展

页岩气是一种重要的天然气资源,在其水力压裂开采过程中加入了多种有机添加剂,产生了大量具有高黏度、高COD、高含盐量特性的压裂返排液,常规处理技术难以实现其达标排放或回用。分析了页岩气压裂返排液的组分和特点,归纳总结了成熟的传统处理技术和新型处理技术的特点,提出了优化压裂返排液处理工艺、加强环境信息公开、研发节能环保的新型页岩气压裂技术的未来发展方向,为页岩气压裂返排液无害化、资源化处理技术的研发提供了思路和参考。     

涪陵页岩气田油管腐蚀行为研究

采用细菌分析、实验模拟和现场腐蚀挂片等方法,研究了涪陵页岩气田在清水压裂和掺污水压裂后N80油管的腐蚀行为。研究结果表明:压裂方式对产出水的性质影响不大,清水压裂和掺污水压裂的生产井产出水均存在细菌。压裂方式对N80油管的腐蚀没有明显影响,不同深度的腐蚀模拟实验均发生了小孔腐蚀;对清水压裂井和掺污水压裂井开展了88天和129天的现场腐蚀挂片实验,均匀腐蚀速率分别为0.01,0.02 mm/a,但均出现了明显的小孔腐蚀。腐蚀模拟实验和现场挂片实验的金属表面均存在明显结垢和细菌腐蚀,腐蚀主要呈现为小孔腐蚀。     

低透气性煤层点式酸化压裂增透技术研究与应用*

为解决富含矿物质煤层透气性问题,基于点式压裂和酸液增透煤体机制,提出点式酸化压裂增透技术,通过扫描电镜试验确定适合三元煤矿酸液配比体系。结果表明:点式酸化压裂钻孔组平均抽采瓦斯流量和浓度是普通钻孔组的3.65,1.72倍,是点式水力压裂钻孔组的1.32,1.06倍;点式酸化压裂增透效果明显优于点式水力压裂;且其增透煤体起裂压力和同等条件下注液量均低于点式水力压裂,点式酸化压裂实现煤体定点、低流量、大范围、快速增透,通过将物理增透与化学增透相结合,可有效提高煤体孔隙-裂隙结构发育程度和整体连通性,有助于煤体中瓦斯运移,提高采收率。     

地面水力压裂对井下煤层瓦斯抽采影响分析

为了研究高河煤矿地面压裂钻井作业对井下煤层瓦斯抽采效果的影响，以3#煤层E2307工作面为主要考察对象，对水力压裂前后煤层渗透率、抽采瓦斯浓度和纯量进行统计分析。研究结果表明:地面压裂钻井水力压裂后煤层反演渗透率提高了13倍以上；压裂后瓦斯浓度最大增幅为122%，最小增幅为34%，平均增幅为71%，同样，瓦斯纯量也有大幅度的提高。研究认为高河煤矿地面水力压裂作业对其高瓦斯含量、低渗透性煤层具有良好的应用前景，对同类煤矿及煤层提高瓦斯抽采效率，预防井下瓦斯动力灾害具有积极的借鉴意义。     

Fracking and Framing: A Comparative Analysis of Media Coverage of Hydraulic Fracturing in Canadian and US Newspapers

Hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, is a controversial but popular method of extracting oil and gas in North America. There are a myriad of completing claims about the economic benefits and the environmental costs of the technology. This paper examines news media coverage of fracking in four Canadian and four American newspapers over a five-year period. A comparison is made at the national level as well as at a paired subnational level between jurisdictions where fracking is embraced and where fracking is banned. The paper demonstrates that in both countries the main storyline is about water quality, but beyond that differences emerge as Americans focus more on wildlife and public health and Canadians focus more on moratoriums and energy independence. Moreover, while there were similarities in media coverage of fracking in pro-fracking and anti-fracking jurisdictions, there were notable differences in attention to the topics of public health and economic benefits.     

Modeling Changes to Streamflow,Sediment, and Nutrient Loading from Land Use Changes Due to Potential Natural Gas Development

Natural gas development using hydraulic fracturing has many potential environmental impacts, but among the most certain is the land disturbance required to build the well pads and other infrastructure required to drill and extract the gas. We used the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model to investigate how natural gas development could impact streamflow and sediment, total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorous (TP) loadings in the upper Delaware River Basin (DRB), a relatively undeveloped watershed of 7,950 km² that lies above the Marcellus Shale formation. If gas development was permitted, our projections show the DRB could experience development of over 600 well pads to extract natural gas at build out, which, with supporting infrastructure (roads, gathering pipelines), could convert over 5,000 ha from existing land uses in the study area. In subbasins with development activity we found sediment, TN, and TP yields could increase by an average of 15, 0.08, and 0.03 kg/ha/yr, respectively (an increase of 2, 3, and 15%, respectively) for each one percent of subbasin land area converted into natural gas infrastructure. At the study area outlet on the Delaware River at Port Jervis, New York, we found increases in the annual average streamflow and sediment, nitrogen, and phosphorus loads of up to 0.01, 0.2, 0.2, and 1%, respectively, for a rapid development year, and 0.08, 1.3, 2.0, and 11%, respectively, for the full development scenario. Editor's note : This paper is part of the featured series on SWAT Applications for Emerging Hydrologic and Water Quality Challenges. See the February 2017 issue for the introduction and background to the series.     

地面注浆控制井壁破裂变形的理论与实践

阐述地面注浆控制井壁破裂变形的机理,并就具体工程进行分析。根据对井壁混凝土应变、地表变形、注浆帷幕测试结果,注浆前、第一阶段注浆、第二阶段注浆、注浆后的4个阶段内,井壁竖向附加应变分别经历了增加100με、缓释200με、再缓释200με、最终缓释200με的变化过程。与此同时,工业广场地表经历了抬升(对应与第一阶段注浆)、稳定(对应于间歇期)、再抬升(对应于第二阶段注浆)和稍降(对应于注浆后)的过程,地面最终抬升约稳定在70~80mm之间。利用高频应力波检测注浆体,笔者认为注浆帷幕交圈闭合较好,平均厚度近7.6m。研究表明,地面注浆加固能有效地改善井壁的受力状态,对井壁既有应变有显著缓释作用,对矿井疏排水造成的井壁附加应变的增长有明显抑制作用,从而起到维护井筒安全的作用。     

油气田开发水资源高效利用探

在油气田开发过程中,尤其是干旱缺水地区,处理好生产用水与产出废水之间的关系是油气田企业可持续发展的重要问题。油气田开发水资源高效利用的最终目的是减少淡水的消耗量,主要体现在新鲜水的合理使用及产出废水的回收再利用两个方面。提出应以产出废水为生产水源,研发适合其水质特征的工作液体系,实现产出废水"免处理"再利用;建立油气田开发水管理体系,根据水的不同用途,科学调配新鲜水和产出废水,实现水资源的高效利用。     

低透突出煤层深孔水力致裂增透与浅孔抽采联合消突技术应用

为提高低透突出煤层的瓦斯抽采效果,在薛湖煤矿2303风巷进行了深孔水力致裂与潜孔抽采联合消突技术的试验应用.首先结合现场实际情况,从注水压力、钻孔布置和现场施工等方面研究了施工技术工艺,然后从应力分布、瓦斯解吸速度、钻屑瓦斯解吸指标、瓦斯抽采浓度等方面考察了水力致裂增透效果和联合消突技术的消突效果.应用表明,深孔水力致裂增透与浅孔抽采联合消突技术,工作面前方支承压力、瓦斯解吸速度、钻屑瓦斯解吸指标均大幅降低,瓦斯抽采浓度明显提高,抽采效果明显,为同类矿井的防突工作提供了可借鉴的技术和经验.