山地城市灾害系统模糊风险评价

灾害风险是当前灾害研究的热点和核心之一。从灾害系统整体角度,厘定区域灾害系统风险,明晰灾害系统风险要素构成及其作用机制,对于科学指导区域综合防灾减灾具有重要意义。在山地城市灾害系统研究的基础上,基于"R=H×E×S/C"的灾害系统模糊风险概念模型,构建了反映山地城市灾害系统"致灾因子危险性、承灾体暴露性、灾损敏感性和防灾减灾能力"四个方面的"山地城市灾害系统模糊风险评价指标体系";提出了对山地城市灾害系统模糊风险进行定量评价与排序的"综合赋权(AHP-EVM)"二级模糊综合评判模型。在上述研究基础上,以重庆市38个区县作为研究对象,对理论模型进行了实证研究,并从整体上初步阐明和解释了山地城市(重庆市)38个区县的灾害系统模糊风险等级及成因。研究得出以下结论:(1)基于"综合赋权"模糊综合评判的"山地城市灾害系统模糊风险"评价结果科学、可靠,能够从整体反映山地城市灾害系统模糊风险水平及其构成。经过与灾情数据对比、专家评判,本研究所得评价结果通过验证,且与"模糊物元评价"所得结果基本一致。(2)重庆市灾害系统模糊风险整体水平居中。其中,渝中区、江北区,渝东北的城口县、奉节县以及渝东南的酉阳县,灾害系统风险等级高,各类灾害发生及造成损失的可能性较大,是未来防灾减灾工作的重点。     

地铁应急疏散恐慌程度模型研究

为研究地铁应急疏散情况下人员恐慌程度,建立地铁应急疏散恐慌程度模型。首先根据恐慌心理量表和调查问卷得到恐慌程度影响因素及其分类,并确定各影响因素权重值。在北京地铁军博站进行应急疏散模拟试验。根据试验数据修正模型中相关事故经历因素,得到地铁应急疏散恐慌程度最终优化模型。结果表明,地铁应急疏散恐慌程度受年龄、携带行李情况、接受安全教育程度、相关事故灾害经历等人员个体因素,以及人员密度、疏散环境复杂程度、事故灾害发生位置等环境因素影响。应急疏散恐慌程度模型计算结果和应急疏散模拟试验结果相近。     

Leader–member exchange and job performance: The effects of taking charge and organizational tenure

We theorized and tested the mechanisms by which leader–member exchange (LMX) quality is associated with job performance. The results obtained using 212 employee–supervisor pairs from eight Chinese companies indicated that LMX quality had an indirect and positive relationship with taking charge via psychological empowerment and had an indirect and positive relationship with job performance via taking charge. In addition, organizational tenure significantly moderated the relationship between taking charge and job performance, such that the positive effect of taking charge on job performance became weaker as organizational tenure increased. Furthermore, organizational tenure significantly moderated the indirect positive relationship between LMX quality and job performance via taking charge; the indirect effect became weaker as organizational tenure increased. These results suggest that organizations should encourage managers to develop high‐quality LMX with their subordinates, which may make them feel more empowered and engage in more taking charge, and result in better job performance. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

从说课看高职高专院校学情

高职高专学生由于特定的生理和心理特点,在选修体育课程过程中出现随群现象,学习积极性不高。通过说课对高职高专院校的学情加以分析,以便科学地、有目地、有针对性地安排教学内容,增强学生的自信心,提高他们的心理素质和身体素质。     

Shared responsibility: the who,what and how

As natural disasters increase around the world and stretch the capacities of emergency services, national governments and international institutions have stressed the importance of shared responsibility; the idea that all actors within a society have some obligations in disaster management and must work collectively to reduce disaster risk. However, the exact balance between individual and government responsibility is not yet established and continually contested, especially after major events. In Australia, the National Strategy for Disaster Resilience (NSDR) is the overarching policy framework for disaster risk management and aims to create resilient communities through an emphasis on shared responsibility and empowerment. Through a literature review and document analysis of the NSDR and associated policy documents, we clarify, organise and operationalise the necessarily general policy goal of shared responsibility. We first analyse how the NSDR conceptualises communities to discover which community actors are mentioned. We then identify the responsibilities it prescribes or implies for these different actors and consider the types of policy instruments that are relevant to disaster risk management. Our analysis reveals a tension between the NSDR’s placement of government at the centre of disaster risk management, and its other, less well-explained emphasis on community empowerment.     

Prenatal screening and diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis: a review of safety issues and psychological consequences for women who undergo screening

As part of the EUROTOXO initiative, this review focuses on the potential risks associated with prenatal testing for congenital toxoplasmosis. We first review the evidence on the risks of adverse events associated with amniocentesis, which is required for definitive diagnosis of toxoplasmosis infection in the fetus, and for which the most important risk is fetal loss. To date, there has been only one randomized trial to document risks associated with amniocentesis. This trial, which was conducted in 1986, reported a procedure-related rate of fetal loss of 1.0% (95% CI, 0.3–1.5). However, evidence from available controlled studies suggests that the pregnancy loss associated with mid-trimester amniocentesis may be lower. Potential psychological consequences of prenatal testing for congenital toxoplasmosis include parental anxiety due to false positive results and uncertainties related to prognosis of children with a prenatal diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis. Parental anxiety may be particularly important in screening strategies that include more frequent screenings, which may in turn entail substantial, and at times unnecessary, anxiety or other negative consequences for women and their families. These negative psychological outcomes should be balanced against the benefits of testing, which can allow women to make an informed choice regarding the pregnancy. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

煤矿安全从业人员心理测试指标体系研究

为了寻求有效解决煤矿安全人为事故屡禁不止问题的有效办法,探讨了煤矿作业对人提出的安全心理素质要求,对煤矿从业人员的心理因素与安全生产关系进行了工作分析与职务分析,建立了以能力与非能力因素为基本内容的心理测试指标体系,并对这一体系的科学性进行了验证.应用实践表明,该体系为从根本上解决煤矿安全问题提供了新的途径.     

我院大学生心理状态分析及对策

通过对大学生心理调查问卷分析和来访资料进行整理,了解和把握大学生的心理现状及其成因,提出了帮助大学生正确而客观地认识自己和社会,帮助他们健康成长成材,引导大学生排解心理障碍,培养健康的心理素质的对策.     

在教育教学中,注重品德与心理健康的教育——初探青少年时期心理健康教育的方法

青少年在成长时期,在品德教育的同时,应注重心理健康的教育.特别是当今时代的发展,要求人的成长与发展是全方位的,尤其要具备良好的心理素质.为此,在现代教育教学中,要把心理教育纳入教育过程,积极探索心理教育的方式方法,提升青少年良好的心理素质,让青少年一代全面健康成长.