好氧堆肥反应器对人粪便堆肥中温降解的中试研究

控制温度为（35±2）℃,以新鲜锯末为空白载体,在控制含水率为55%~60%和强制通风的好氧条件下,进行为期15 d的实验,进行了人粪便好氧堆肥的中试研究,重点分析了在堆肥过程中有机物的降解、氮素的迁移转化规律及生物量的变化。结果表明,粪便中有机物含量在前2天稍微上升,然后迅速下降,最终去除率为71.82%;随着NH₃-N释放量的增加,堆料中N_tot含量从第4天开始减少,最终损失 22.61%,其中N_org损失占74.35%,NH₃-N占23.52%;所损失的氮素有91.66%以氨氮的形式释放。粪便中的有机物和氮的含量能在8~10 d后达到稳定,且堆体无臭味;粪便中溶解性有机物为微生物的生长提供营养物质,因此生物量变化的过程与有机物降解的有着紧密的联系;病原菌在堆肥过程中得到有效去除,表明该反应器堆肥的无害化。     

林业智能地衡中数据信息安全采集系统的设计

通过AT89C51单片机控制地衡自动采集运材车的称重量,自动检测车辆的上、下衡和自动识别车号,并通过计算机网络将数据信息安全地传送到管理部门。目前,此系统已成功地、安全地应用于伊春市、加格达奇地区部分林业局的数字化木材生产安全管理中。     

河流健康评价的时空特征与参照基线探讨

随着河流退化成为世界各国面临的主要水环境问题,旨在从水质、生物、生态等众多角度综合评估河流系统状况、改进河流管理的河流健康概念得以提出并受到关注。时空特征与参照基线的确定是河流健康评价的两个重要环节,前者将不同时空尺度相联系,为评价指标的选取提供参考,后者将河流理想目标与人类管理需求相结合,为评价标准的确定提供依据。结合河流等级理论、河流连续体概念和四维模型,分析河流系统的主要特点及时空特征,并从点（断面、点位）、线（河流、河段）、面（流域、水系）等级剖析河流健康评价的空间尺度,从短、中、长层次识别河流健康评价的时间尺度,从而剖析不同时空尺度河流健康评价的维度特征和评价重点;从河流健康评价的标准出发,定义了最小干扰状态（MDC）、历史参考状态（HC）、最低干扰状态（LDC）、最佳可达状态（BAC）等4种河流健康评价的参照基线,探讨了参照点位法、专家判断法、历史数据法、模型推算法等参照基线计算方法的确定程序和适用范围,最后从时空特征与参照基线等方面提出了我国河流健康评价的开展建议     

A spatially explicit framework for quantifying downstream hydrologic conditions

Continued improvements in spatial datasets and hydrological modeling algorithms within Geographic Information Systems (GISs) have enhanced opportunities for watershed analysis. With more detailed hydrology layers and watershed delineation techniques, we can now better represent and model landscape to water quality relationships. Two challenges in modeling these relationships are selecting the appropriate spatial scale of watersheds for the receiving stream segment, and handling the network or pass-through issues of connected watersheds. This paper addresses these two important issues for enhancing cumulative watershed capabilities in GIS. Our modeling framework focuses on the delineation of stream-segment-level watershed boundaries for 1:24 000 scale hydrology, in combination with a topological network model. The result is a spatially explicit, vector-based, spatially cumulative watershed modeling framework for quantifying watershed conditions to aid in restoration. We demonstrate the new insights available from this modeling framework in a cumulative mining index for the management of aquatic resources in a West Virginia watershed.     

地下水溶质反常运移的分数阶对流扩散模型研究进展

地下水溶质在非均质多孔介质中的扩散过程并不总是遵循Fick定律,因此称为反常扩散或反常运移,其本质上是非马尔可夫非局域性过程.分数阶对流扩散模型可以对含水层中溶质的这种运移进行充分而准确的描述.本文在阐明多孔介质溶质反常运移基本问题及其动力学机理基础上,综述了三类分数阶对流扩散模型,即空间分数阶对流扩散模型、时间分数阶对流扩散模型和分布式分数阶对流扩散模型,并详细讨论了分数阶对流扩散模型在地下水溶质反常运移领域的应用前景和挑战.     

地震工作者的公平意识研究

本文对地震系统高、中、初级专业人员的公平意识作了研究。运用量化标度数值处理,约90%的人属公平感范畴。解析公平感构成的直接主导因素和附加影响因素发现,良好感觉与岗位层次具有一致性,与他人比较、与过去比较“一样”的感觉呈稳定相态,投入和获得的关系表现出复杂的位错现象,事业信念向消极转化的倾向明显。对数值标度大于-1.5σ的非公平感者追访调查,证实确有其困难或问题。     

A review of recent substance flow analyses of phosphorus to identify priority management areas at different geographical scales

The dwindling global reserves of extractable phosphorus (P) and its growing demand to produce the required food for a burgeoning global population (the global P crisis) necessitate the sustainable use of this crucial resource. To advert the crisis requires informed policy decisions which can only be obtained by a better understanding of the nature and magnitude of P flow through different systems at different geographical scales. Through a systematic and in-depth review of twenty one recent substance flow analyses of P, we have assessed the key P inflows, outflows, stocks, internal flows, and recycling flows at the city, regional, and country scales. The assessment has revealed, the main inflow and outflow of P at the city scale occurs through food and wastewater respectively, while the main stock of P occurs in landfill. At the regional scale, mineral ore is the main P inflow and chemical P fertilizer is the main outflow particularly in the regions that have P fertilizer production sector. In contrast, either chemical P fertilizer or animal feed is the key inflow and either food and agricultural products or soil losses (erosion, runoff, and/or leaching) is the major outflow especially in the regions without P fertilizer production sector. At the country scale, the key P inflow occurs either through mineral ore or chemical P fertilizer and the key outflow takes place either as food and agricultural products, waste (both solid and liquid), or soil losses (erosion, runoff, and/or leaching). The main stock of P both at the regional and country scales occurs in the soil of the agricultural production sector. As identified in this assessment, the key unproductive outflows and stocks at different geographical scales indicate that there is a potential scope to improve P management through the increased P recovery and recycling, and by the utilization of available soil P stocks. In many of the studies at all the geographical scales, P recycling flow has been found to be less than 20% of the total inflow, and even in some studies at the country scale, P recycling has been found to be entirely absent, which is a clear indication of poor P management. This study has also identified, there is a clear knowledge gap in relation to understanding the P flow over multiple years at the regional scale. The information about the key flows and stocks at different geographical scales as we identified can be utilized to make better P policy and management decisions for a city, region, or country. The information can also be used to guide future research that aims to analyze P flow at the city, regional, and country scales.     

初级再生水对循环水处理药剂的影响

初级再生水回用过程中所要解决的两个难题是腐蚀和微生物的控制。通过对锦西石化分公司初级再生水对各循环水场现用药剂的缓蚀阻垢效果及杀菌效果进行了实验室综合评价,考察缓蚀阻垢性能、杀菌性能及药剂加药量的影响,并根据水质情况及药剂评价结果提出了初级再生水的最佳pH值及COD值范围,并根据水场及水质情况选出最优药剂,为合理加药剂提供依据。     

轨道尺度下东亚夏季风降水的北方主导演变模态

众多古气候记录的分析表明：轨道尺度气候变化下我国北方地区的季风降水变化显著，该现象的理解对于深入认识东亚夏季风降水的长期演变模态具有重要意义。本文基于瞬变古气候模拟的分析发现：在轨道尺度气候变化下，东亚夏季风降水的变化中心位于季风区北边界附近的半干旱区，是季风环流整体性演变及季风区北边界摆动的综合作用结果。东亚夏季风降水的轨道尺度演变模态与古气候记录的指示相一致，但与当前观测记录给出的以年际尺度变化为主的模态显著不同，说明东亚夏季风降水对气候变化的响应与气候变化的时间尺度有关。进一步的分析表明：轨道尺度气候变化下东亚夏季风北方降水的响应幅度取决于气候变化的驱动因素，其中轨道辐射的影响最为显著。     

基于不同时间尺度综合指数贡献率的攀枝花市大气污染特征分析

选取2016—2022年攀枝花市环境空气质量监测数据，基于年度、季度、月度、小时时间尺度评价环境空气质量综合指数贡献率。结果表明，攀枝花市污染类型已由传统的单一工业型污染转变为复合型污染，且污染物在不同时间尺度下的分布特征明显。从季度尺度来看，第一季度细颗粒物(PM_2.5)综合指数贡献率较大，第二和第三季度臭氧(O₃)综合指数贡献率较大，第四季度二氧化氮(NO₂)及PM_2.5综合指数贡献率较大。从月度尺度来看，O₃在3—8月的贡献较大，PM_2.5、NO₂、可吸入颗粒物(PM₁₀)、一氧化碳(CO)、二氧化硫(SO₂)在1—2月及11—12月的贡献较大。从小时尺度来看，O₃在13—19点贡献较大，PM₁₀、PM_2.5、CO在8—13点贡献较大，SO₂在9—13点贡献较大，NO₂在8—1...