染料脱色菌的筛选及对活性艳红X-3B的脱色研究

从广州某印染厂生化处理池的活性污泥中筛选到三株对活性艳红X-3B具有高效脱色作用的真菌,其中菌株HMX-3的脱色能力最强。考察了培养时间、温度、培养方式、pH值以及染料浓度对HMX-3脱色能力的影响。结果表明,菌株HMX-3对150mg/L X-3B的24h脱色率达65.8%,经60h可使其完全脱色;HMX-3对活性艳红X-3B脱色的最适温度为25℃~35℃,最佳pH值为6~8,且振荡培养较静置培养条件下的脱色率高;随染料浓度的增加,脱色率降低,但对于400mg/L的X-3B在72h时的脱色率可达86.7%。     

铝炭微电解处理刚果红废水的效果及脱色机理研究

采用铝炭微电解法处理刚果红废水,通过批式实验和正交试验考察了主要因素对刚果红脱色及COD去除效果的影响,并采用紫外扫描、离子色谱及LC-MS分析了脱色产物.结果表明,在铝粉投加量为8～24 g·L-1范围内,刚果红脱色率及COD去除率均随铝粉投加量的增加而提高,合适的铝粉投加量为16 ～24 g·L-1;刚果红脱色率和COD去除率随着铝炭质量比的减小呈现先增加后降低的趋势,适宜的铝炭质量比为1∶3～1∶1;初始pH对处理效果影响最大,在pH为10～12.5时,刚果红脱色率及COD去除率随着pH升高而急剧增加;在溶解氧为1.25 ～7.59 mg·L-1的范围内,刚果红脱色率及COD去除率随着溶解氧的升高而降低.最佳条件(铝粉投加量24 g·L-1、铝炭质量比1:2、pH=12、反应时间90 min)下,刚果红脱色率及COD去除率分别为90.4％和78.6％刚果红脱色历程为:刚果红分子中的N=N双键在新生态[H]的攻击下断裂,生成3,4-二氨基萘-1-磺酸盐和4-氨基3-((4’-氨基-[1,1'-联苯]-4-基)偶氮基)萘-1磺酸盐;后者在[H]的进一步作用下,发生N=N双键的断裂,转化为3,4-二.氨基萘-1-磺酸盐和联苯胺,萘环开环和C-S键断键,分别生成4-氨基-3-((4’-氨基-[1,1’-联苯]-4-基)偶氮基)-1-磺酸盐和2-((4'-氨基-[1,1’-联苯]-4-基)偶氮基)-1-萘胺.研究表明,铝炭微电解法不能将刚果红完全矿化.     

Selective sorptive removal of Methyl Red from individual and binary component solutions by mesoporous organosilicas of MCM-41 type

Organosilicas with chemically immobilized 3-aminopropyl and Methyl Red-containing surface groups were prepared by sol-gel condensation of tetraethyl orthosilicate and (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane in the presence of dye as part of the mixed micelles or dye-containing silane as silica source. The hexagonally arranged mesoporous structure of synthesized materials was confirmed by low-temperature nitrogen adsorption-desorption, x-ray diffraction, and TEM studies. Chemical composition of MCM-41-type organosilicas was established by FT-IR spectroscopy and chemical analysis of surface layer. Sorption of Methyl Red by organosilicas was studied from diluted phosphate buffer solutions in dependence of medium pH, duration of contact, and equilibrium concentration of dye. It was found that effective removal of Methyl Red takes place at pH values within a range of 2.5?5. Kinetic curves of Methyl Red sorption on organosilicas were analyzed by the Lagergren, Ho-McKey, and Weber-Morris kinetic models. It was found that the pseudo-second-order model fits the kinetics of Methyl Red sorption on all synthesized materials and the intraparticle diffusion is not the only one mechanism controlling the rate of Methyl Red sorptive removal. The parameters of equilibrium sorption of Methyl Red on organosilicas of MCM-41 type were calculated using Langmuir, Freundlich, Redlich-Peterson, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller models. Sorption of acid dyes with geometry similar or substantially different from Methyl Red on mesoporous silicas was studied from single and binary component mixtures in aqueous solutions with pH 4.8 and 5.5. It was found that selective sorption process is highly dependent on the structural characteristics and protolytic state of silica surface as well as acid dye.     

Zn/Ni/Cu-BTC强化吸附刚果红性能研究

运用水热合成法制备了一种新型三金属单配体多孔材料Zn/Ni/Cu-BTC,运用氮气吸脱附、扫描电镜、X射线衍射等对材料进行了表征.研究了其常温常压条件下（25℃,1atm）静态吸附刚果红的性能.结果表明,由于三金属不饱和配位点的协同效应导致刚果红在Zn/Ni/Cu-BTC多孔材料上的吸附容量从630mg/g增加到1250mg/g,增加了98.4%.准二级动力学模型和Langmuir吸附模型较好地描述了Zn/Ni/Cu-BTC对刚果红的吸附行为.     

Template-free synthesis of inorganic hollow spheres at water/“water-brother”interfaces as Fenton-like reagents for water treatment

This paper reports a template-free method to synthesize a series of inorganic hollow spheres (IHSs) including Cu-1, Cu-2, Ni-1, Ni-2 based on mineralization reactions at water/“water-brother” interfaces. “Water-brother” was defined as a solvent which is miscible with water, such as ethanol and acetone. The water/“water-brother” interfaces are very different from water/oil interfaces. The “water-brother” solvent will usually form a homogenous phase with water. Interestingly, in our method, these interfaces can be formed, observed and utilized to synthesize hollow spheres. Utilizing the unique porous properties of the spheres, their potential application in water treatment was demonstrated by using Cu-1 IHSs as Fenton-like reagents for adsorption and decomposition of Congo Red from aqueous solution. The final adsorption equilibrium was achieved after 30 min with the maximum adsorption capacity of 86.1 mg/g, and 97.3% removal of the dye in 80 min after adsorption equilibrium. The IHSs can be reused as least 5 times after treatment by NaOH. This method is facile and suitable for large-scale production, and shows great potential for watertreatment.     

生态保护红线在实践过程中的问题剖析——以湖北宜昌为例

宜昌市生态保护红线于2015年1月正式颁布实施,文章结合宜昌市生态保护红线的应用情况,剖析了生态功能红线、水环境质量红线及大气环境质量红线在实践过程中存在的主要问题,同时,对生态保护红线管理机制需要解决的重点问题进行了阐述。     

羟基磷灰石对水中刚果红的吸附作用研究

通过吸附实验考察了羟基磷灰石对水中刚果红的吸附作用,结果表明羟基磷灰石对水中的刚果红具备良好的吸附效果.准二级动力学模型适合描述羟基磷灰石对水中刚果红的吸附动力学过程.Langmuir、Freundlich和Dubinin-Radushkevich(D-R)等温吸附模型可以用于描述羟基磷灰石对水中刚果红的吸附平衡数据.羟基磷灰石对水中刚果红的吸附是自发和放热的过程.当pH超过8时,羟基磷灰石对水中刚果红的吸附能力随pH的增加而明显降低.吸附了刚果红的羟基磷灰石经过热再生后可以循环使用,并且热再生后的羟基磷灰石对水中刚果红的吸附性能良好.当pH低于羟基磷灰石的零电荷点时,磷灰石吸附水中刚果红的机制是静电吸引、氢键和路易斯酸碱反应;当pH高于羟基磷灰石的零电荷点时,羟基磷灰石吸附水中刚果红的机制是氢键和路易斯酸碱反应.上述结果表明,羟基磷灰石适合作为一种吸附剂去除废水中的刚果红.     

Rebuilding and strengthening health systems and providing basic health services in fragile states

The international community has compelling humanitarian, political, security and economic reasons to engage in rebuilding and strengthening health systems in fragile states. Improvements in health services and systems help to strengthen civil society and to restore legitimacy to governments. Effective engagement with fragile states to inform the design of health programmes and selection of interventions depends on donor coordination and an understanding of health system challenges. Planning requires consideration of allocation (services to be delivered), production (organisation of services), distribution (beneficiaries of services) and financing. The criteria for selecting interventions are: their impact on major health problems; effectiveness; the possibility of scale-up; equity; and sustainability. There are various options for financing and models of engagement, but support should always combine short-term relief with longer-term development. Stakeholders should aim not only to save lives and protect health but also to bolster nations' ability to deliver good-quality services in the long run.     

一株染料脱色酵母菌的鉴定及脱色特性

从土壤中分离到一株活性艳红K-2BP脱色酵母菌株Y-63,根据其生理生化特征和26S rRNA基因序列相似性分析,鉴定为Pseudozyma rugulosa.该菌在16 h内对100 mg/L的活性艳红K-2BP脱色率为94%,其机理属于降解脱色.该染料脱色的最佳接种量(φ)应不低于5%,最适pH在4～9之间,(NH4)2SO4浓度(w)不低于0.1%,葡萄糖浓度(w)不低于0.2%.此外,该菌株对其它9种50 mg/L的染料(活性艳蓝X-BR、媒介漂蓝B、活性翠蓝KN-G、酸性媒介黄GG、媒介红S-80、依加仑蓝FBL 200%、弱酸艳红B、活性黑KN-B和活性红M-3BE)的脱色率在10%～96%之间.该研究表明酵母Y-63在染料废水的处理上具有较好的应用潜能.     

Incorporating Evolutionary Measures into Conservation Prioritization

Abstract:  Conservation prioritization is dominated by the threat status of candidate species. However, species differ markedly in the shared genetic information they embody, and this information is not taken into account if species are prioritized by threat status alone. We developed a system of prioritization that incorporates both threat status and genetic information and applied it to 9546 species of birds worldwide. We devised a simple measure of a species' genetic value that takes into account the shape of the entire taxonomic tree of birds. This measure approximates the evolutionary history that each species embodies and sums to the phylogenetic diversity of the entire taxonomic tree. We then combined this genetic value with each species' probability of extinction to create a species-specific measure of expected loss of genetic information. The application of our methods to the world's avifauna showed that ranking species by expected loss of genetic information may help preserve bird evolutionary history by upgrading those threatened species with fewer close relatives. We recommend developing a mechanism to incorporate a species' genetic value into the prioritization framework.