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101.
Cleaning of hollow-fibre polyvinyl chloride (PVC) membrane with di erent chemical reagents after ultrafiltration of algal-rich
water was investigated. Among the tested cleaning reagents (NaOH, HCl, EDTA, and NaClO), 100 mg/L NaClO exhibited the best
performance (88.4% 1.1%) in removing the irreversible fouling resistance. This might be attributed to the fact that NaClO could
eliminate almost all the major foulants such as carbohydrate-like and protein-like materials on the membrane surface, as confirmed by
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis. However, negligible irreversible resistance (1.5% 1.0%) was obtained when the
membrane was cleaning by 500 mg/L NaOH for 1.0 hr, although the NaOH solution could also desorb a portion of the major foulants
from the fouled PVC membrane. Scanning electronic microscopy and atomic force microscopy analyses demonstrated that 500 mg/L
NaOH could change the structure of the residual foulants on the membrane, making them more tightly attached to the membrane
surface. This phenomenon might be responsible for the negligible membrane permeability restoration after NaOH cleaning. On the
other hand, the microscopic analyses reflected that NaClO could e ectively remove the foulants accumulated on the membrane surface. 相似文献
102.
103.
Catalytic bubble-free hydrogenation reduction of azo dye by porous membranes loaded with palladium (Pd) nanoparticles was studied for the first time. The effects of Pd loading, dye concentration and reuse repetitions of membranes were investigated. In reduction, the dye concentration decreased whereas the pH rose gradually. An optimal Pd loading was found. The catalytic membranes were able to be reused more than 3 times. 相似文献
104.
Ionic composition of submicron particles (PM1.0) during the long-lasting haze period in January 2013 in Wuhan, central China 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Hairong Cheng Wei Gong Zuwu Wang Fan Zhang Xinming Wang Xiaopu Lv Jia Liu Xiaoxin Fu Gan Zhang 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2014,26(4):810-817
In January 2013, a long-lasting severe haze episode occurred in Northern and Central China; at its maximum, it covered a land area of approximately 1.4 million km2. In Wuhan, the largest city in Central China, this event was the most severe haze episode in the 21st century. Aerosol samples of submicron particles (PM1.0) were collected during the long-lasting haze episode at an urban site and a suburban site in Wuhan to investigate the ion characteristics of PM1.0 in this area. The mass concentrations of PM1.0 and its water-soluble inorganic ions (WSIIs) were almost at the same levels at two sites, which indicates that PM1.0 pollution occurs on a regional scale in Wuhan. WSIIs (Na+, NH4+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl-, NO3- and SO42-) were the dominant chemical species and constituted up to 48.4% and 47.4% of PM1.0 at WD and TH, respectively. The concentrations of PM1.0 and WSIIs on haze days were approximately two times higher than on normal days. The ion balance calculations indicate that the particles were more acidic on haze days than on normal days. The results of the back trajectory analysis imply that the high concentrations of PM1.0 and its water-soluble inorganic ions may be caused by stagnant weather conditions in Wuhan. 相似文献
105.
Fouling behavior along the length of membrane module was systematically investigated by performing simple modeling and lab-scale experiments of forward osmosis (FO) membrane process. The flux distribution model developed in this study showed a good agreement with experimental results, validating the robustness of the model. This model demonstrated, as expected, that the permeate flux decreased along the membrane channel due to decreasing osmotic pressure differential across the FO membrane. A series of fouling experiments were conducted under the draw and feed solutions at various recoveries simulated by the model. The simulated fouling experiments revealed that higher organic (alginate) fouling and thus more flux decline were observed at the last section of a membrane channel, as foulants in feed solution became more concentrated. Furthermore, the water flux in FO process declined more severely as the recovery increased due to more foulants transported to membrane surface with elevated solute concentrations at higher recovery, which created favorable solution environments for organic adsorption. The fouling reversibility also decreased at the last section of the membrane channel, suggesting that fouling distribution on FO membrane along the module should be carefully examined to improve overall cleaning efficiency. Lastly, it was found that such fouling distribution observed with co-current flow operation became less pronounced in counter- current flow operation of FO membrane process. 相似文献
106.
重金属抗性解磷细菌的磷溶解特性研究 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
从湖南省湘西州花垣县的铅锌矿表层土壤中,筛选出两株具有重金属抗性和解磷特性的细菌T PSB1和T PSB2.通过16S rRNA基因序列比对,分别鉴定为嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌(Stenotrophomonas maltophilia)和唐菖蒲伯克霍尔德菌(Burkholderia gladioli).T PSB1和T PSB2在含有难溶性无机磷液体培养基中,其上清液的可溶性磷含量最高分别达到了402.9 mg·L-1和589.9 mg·L-1;在难溶性有机磷固体和液体培养基中,固体平板上均出现解磷圈,而液体培养基上清液中,可溶性磷含量也分别达到了2.97 mg·L-1和4.69 mg·L-1.另外,两株细菌对重金属Zn2+的抗性最高,在其浓度为2000 mg·L-1固体和液体培养基条件下均可以生长,磷溶解浓度分别为114.8 mg·L-1和125.1 mg·L-1.而在含铬和铅的浓度为1 000 mg·L-1的液体培养基中,两株细菌同样表现出重金属抗性.在Pb2+浓度为1000 mg·L-1的液体培养基中,磷溶解浓度分别达到了57.9 mg·L-1和71.7 mg·L-1;而在Cr2+浓度为1000 mg·L-1的培养基中磷溶解浓度分别为60.1 mg·L-1和98.4 mg·L-1. 相似文献
107.
巢湖水体组分垂向分布特征及其对水下光场的影响 总被引:5,自引:1,他引:4
富营养化湖泊不同组分垂向分布及其对水下光场的影响是湖泊水环境遥感领域亟待开展的内容.利用巢湖野外实测数据,分析水体不同组分垂向分布特征,结合Hydrolight辐射传输模型模拟研究水体不同组分垂向分布对漫衰减系数Kd的影响.结果表明,巢湖水体悬浮物以及有色可溶性有机物CDOM垂向分布较为均一,水面未发生藻华现象时叶绿素a垂向分布符合高斯正态分布,漫衰减系数Kd受叶绿素a以及无机悬浮物的显著影响,其垂向变化复杂多样,以往以水体光学性质均一为前提计算得到的Kd仅仅表示其衰减的平均情况,不能精确反映水下光场的垂向变化,因此研究水体组分垂向分布特征及其对漫衰减系数Kd的影响是开展藻类垂向分布异质性对水下光场影响机制研究的前提和基础. 相似文献
108.
冬季低温下MBR与CAS工艺运行及微生物群落特征 总被引:7,自引:5,他引:2
研究了在冬季低温条件下,膜生物反应器(MBR)与传统活性污泥法(CAS)工艺运行效果及微生物群落特征的差异,对工艺出水水质和微生物活性进行了分析,并借助454焦磷酸高通量测序法对微生物群落组成和结构进行了解析.结果表明,三套对比工艺(MBR两套:高污泥浓度R1和低污泥浓度R2,CAS工艺R3)的出水总氮平均去除率分别为85.2%、56.1%、58.8%;NH+4-N的平均去除率分别为99.7%、99.7%、59.7%,比硝化速率由大到小依次为R2、R1、R3,比反硝化速率由大到小依次为R3、R1、R2,高浓度MBR污泥具有较好的耐寒特性和氨氮去除效果;从454焦磷酸测序结果看,相似性为97%时,菌群丰富度:R2>R3>R1,多样性:R2>R1>R3;MBR污泥微生物菌群的组成和丰度与CAS系统有较大不同;R1、R2、R3中主要的硝化菌为Nitrospira菌属,总相对度依次为:1.22%、1.64%、0.15%,主要的反硝化菌为Zoogloea菌属、Thauera菌属、Comamonadaceae菌属及Comamonas菌属,总相对丰度依次为:5.8%、4.52%、15.21%;低温环境下,泥龄长、污泥浓度高、TN负荷低的MBR系统有利于硝化、反硝化细菌累积,提升生物脱氮效果. 相似文献
109.
填埋垃圾浸提液与地下水污染物组成差异及成因 总被引:5,自引:4,他引:1
为揭示垃圾渗滤液污染地下水特征,采用常规分析、三维荧光光谱和多元统计分析,研究了某简易填埋场垃圾浸提液与地下水中无机盐、有机物及重金属的分布特征及成因.结果表明,填埋场垃圾异质性强,浸提液中NH+4-N浓度高,而Cl-、SO2-4、溶解性有机物(DOM)、重金属含量低,强还原氛围导致硝化过程受阻,NO-3-N、NO-2-N含量低,浸提液中Cu主要结合在DOM上,而Ba、Cd、Cr、Fe、Mn、Ni、Zn及As主要结合在疏水性有机物上.除填埋场所在点地下水外,其余点地下水污染物来源相似,其中的DOM以微生物来源为主;与垃圾浸提液中污染物分布特征相反,地下水中NH+4-N含量低而Cl-、SO2-4、DOM、NO-3-N、NO-2-N含量高,Cu、Ba、Cd、Fe、Mn及Ni的分布与DOM有关,主要结合在荧光有机物上.研究结果显示,基于地下水中污染物组成差异,采用聚类分析方法可识别出地下水受渗滤液污染点. 相似文献
110.
桂江主要离子及溶解无机碳的生物地球化学过程 总被引:18,自引:9,他引:9
河流水体的化学组成记录了流域内各种自然过程与人类活动的信息.对西江一级支流桂江化学径流的分析结果表明,桂江水体的离子组成主要受碳酸盐岩化学风化过程的控制,CO2是这一过程的主要侵蚀介质;H2SO4对碳酸盐岩的风化影响桂江河水的化学组成.大气沉降、人类活动、碳酸盐岩和硅酸盐岩化学风化对桂江水体贡献的溶解物质分别占总溶解物质的2.7%、6.3%、72.8%和18.2%.河流溶解无机碳(DIC)的稳定同位素组成(δ13CDIC)揭示桂江河水中的DIC明显被浮游植物的光合作用所利用.浮游植物初级生产力对桂江颗粒有机碳(POC)的贡献达22.3%~30.9%,这表明岩石风化来源的DIC经浮游植物的光合作用转化为有机碳,并在迁移过程中部分沉积水体底部,进而形成埋藏有机碳. 相似文献