长江上游流域大洪水天气分型特征分析

通过对1981~2012年24例长江上游流域大洪水过程进行普查,发现影响长江上游大洪水强降水过程的天气系统主要为:巴湖槽东移型、贝湖槽稳定型和东北冷槽型。采用统计、诊断及合成分析方法,对3种不同天气类型的大尺度环流背景、主要影响系统及致洪降水发生机理进行研究,并总结其特点及差异。结果表明:3种类型大洪水的洪水特征及降水特征各不相同,大尺度环流背景及天气系统也有所差异。副高及500hPa中高纬环流形势异常是导致强降水发生的直接因素,西南涡、冷暖式切变线及冷空气在不同的类型洪水降水中作用各不相同,异常气旋性环流场、水汽输送方向及水汽通量辐合区与强降水的位置密切相关。     

东北黑土区典型地域耕地生态退化时空分异——以富锦市为例

耕地生态退化严重威胁黑土区耕地的可持续利用,明确其时空分异规律是提高黑土耕地产能实现农业可持续发展的重要科学命题。以东北黑土区典型地域富锦市为研究区,立足于耕地外部扰动变化所引发的环境胁迫与生态恢复,利用遥感驱动的多源环境胁迫监测模型、改进的CRITIC模型、优化的InVEST模型,明确二者间的作用结果,揭示研究区2000—2020年耕地生态退化的时空分异规律。研究结果表明：（1）研究区耕地外源环境胁迫强度整体偏低,呈现出以东部、西部、北部高,中部、南部低为主基调的时空分异格局;（2）研究区耕地內源生态恢复强度高于胁迫强度,表现出以西部—东部—中部梯度衰减的时空分异格局;（3）研究区共有968.12 km²耕地发生生态退化,展现出以团块状集中分布在研究区东部和中部,零星分布在其他区域的空间分异格局。研究明晰了多源环境胁迫/多源生态恢复之间的交互效应,实现了各耕地图斑对多种环境胁迫力和生态恢复力的动态敏感度测算,进一步刻画出了生态退化过程,测度结果与现实耕地利用强度吻合,为准确诊断黑土区耕地生态退化提供了理论参考和技术支撑。     

日本虎斑猛水蚤的重金属急性毒性及其作为标准测试生物的潜在意义

以静态实验法研究重金属Cu、Cd、Pb和Zn单独以及两两联合对日本虎斑猛水蚤(Tigriopus japonicus)的急性毒性效应,并分析其是否适宜作为我国海水重金属毒性测试的标准生物.结果显示,单独作用下,cu、Cd、Pb和Zn对受试生物的24 hLC50分别为0.26、0.14、0.40和0.65 mg·L-1,...     

液氨事故猛于虎 上海再现重大冷库液氨泄漏事故

回顾 现场事故无爆炸无火光 事故发生地位于上海市宝山区,上海城区西北方向。这里是上海传统的工业区从翁牌冷藏公司足一家集水产品进出口贸易、物流、收购、加工、冷藏、销售为一体的综合性大型企业。据附近居民反映,这里是周边最火的冷库,因为距离上海火车站、上海虹桥枢纽、上海吴淞口码头都不远,翁牌冷藏的生意很好,     

东北蝲蛄资源及其开发利用

东北蛄是世界淡水鳌虾的一种，在我国仅产于黑龙江流域，是风味独特的水产珍品，但未被人们重视。本文根据近年来的部分研究成果，初步报道了东北蛄资源现状生物学、特性及其经济价值，并提出开发利用途径．     

建筑节能:缚住能耗"猛虎"

一个被公认的说法是，工业耗能、交通耗能和建筑耗能已经成为我国能源消耗的三大“猛虎”。其中，建筑能耗甚至是“猛于虎”，中国建筑业协会建筑节能专家委员会会长、首席专家涂逢祥指出，建筑能耗已经挟持了中国46．7％左右的能源。     

中石油东北炼化工程有限公司

中石油东北炼化工程有限公司位于沈阳,是隶属于中国石油天然气股份有限公司的全资子公司;是以勘察设计为龙头,涵盖检修维修和安装施工、设备制造、建设监理等领域,科研、制造能力相结合的炼化工程一体化的工程技术服务企业。主要负责东北、华北、西南等地区中国石油所属的17家特大型、大型炼化企业的装置检修维修及工程建设业务。     

Effects of elevated CO2 concentration and nitrogen supply on biomass and active carbon of freshwater marsh after two growing seasons in Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China

An experiments were carried out with treatments differing in nitrogen supply (0, 5 and 15 g N/m²) and CO₂ levels (350 and 700 μmol/mol) using OTC (open top chamber) equipment to investigate the biomass of Calamagrostis angustifolia and soil active carbon contents after two years. The results showed that elevated CO₂ concentration increased the biomass of C. angustifolia and the magnitude of response varied with each growth period. Elevated CO₂ concentration has increased aboveground biomass by 16.7% and 17.6% during the jointing and heading periods and only 3.5% and 9.4% during dough and maturity periods. The increases in belowground biomass due to CO₂ elevation was 26.5%, 34.0% and 28.7% during the heading, dough and maturity periods, respectively. The responses of biomass to enhanced CO₂ concentrations are differed in N levels. Both the increase of aboveground biomass and belowground biomass were greater under high level of N supply (15 g N/m²). Elevated CO₂ concentration also increased the allocation of biomass and carbon in root. Under elevated CO₂ concentration, the average values of active carbon tended to increase. The increases of soil active soil contents followed the sequence of microbial biomass carbon (10.6%) > dissolved organic carbon (7.5%) > labile oxidable carbon (6.6%) > carbohydrate carbon (4.1%). Stepwise regressions indicated there were significant correlations between the soil active carbon contents and plant biomass. Particularly, microbial biomass carbon, labile oxidable carbon and carbohydrate carbon were found to be correlated with belowground biomass, while dissolved organic carbon has correlation with aboveground biomass. Therefore, increased biomass was regarded as the main driving force for the increase in soil active organic carbon under elevated CO₂ concentration.     

Element and mineral characterization of dust emission from the saline land at Songnen Plain, Northeastern China

Recent observations of Asian dust storms show an eastern expansion of the source area to degraded lands, where dust emissions have been little studied. The dust concentrations over the saline land of the western Songnen Plain (SSL), Northeastern China, are circumstantially higher than those from the northwestern Chinese deserts. These concentrations are sensitive to the surface soil conditions and wind velocity on the ground. The dust samples collected during dust storm events on the SSL contain abundant Na, Mg, Al, K, Ca, Fe and Ti, as well as toxic elements such as Cu, V, Zn and Ba. Individual particle analysis reveals that fine saline particles (< 10 μm in diameter) on the saline land, consisting largely of carbonate, halite and sulfate together with lithogenic minerals such as SiO₂ and aluminosilicate, are eventually uplifted during the interval from spring to autumn. The predominantly fine saline particles uplifted from the SSL are likely transported eastward by the winter monsoon circulation and westerlies. Recent degradation of saline lands in Northeastern China would not only increase the frequency of dust storm events in the downwind area, but also might change the chemical composition of the Asian dust emissions.     

1982～2008年东北冻土区植被生长季NDVI对气候变化和CO_2体积分数增加的响应

利用GIMMS和MODIS两种遥感数据,分析了1982～2008年东北冻土区植被生长季平均NDVI的时空特征,并探讨不同类型冻土区和不同植被类型归一化差值植被指数(NDVI)对气候变化和CO2体积分数增加的响应.研究表明,不同冻土类型区植被生长季NDVI均值从大到小依次为:连续多年冻土区大片多年冻土区季节性冻土区岛状多年冻土区.东北冻土区不同植被类型生长季平均NDVI值由大到小依次为:森林灌丛沼泽农田草地,其中森林植被生长季平均NDVI值为0.61,草地为0.46.过去27年间,东北冻土区植被生长季平均NDVI年际变化曲线可分为3个变化阶段:①1982～1990年,小幅上升阶段;②1990～2000年,缓慢下降阶段;③2000～2008年,明显上升阶段.1982～2008年期间,连续多年冻土区及大片多年冻土区植被生长季平均NDVI值呈显著上升趋势(p0.05).对于不同植被类型而言,除森林植被NDVI呈显著上升趋势外(p0.05),其它植被类型NDVI值无显著变化趋势.过去27年间,东北冻土区年均气温显著升高,年降水量显著下降,CO2浓度显著升高.研究区全区平均NDVI与年平均气温呈显著正相关(p0.05),气温是影响东北冻土区生长季植被NDVI的主要气候因子.森林和沼泽湿地植被生长季平均NDVI与年平均气温呈显著正相关,与降水量呈显著负相关(p0.05);5种植被类型中仅森林植被受CO2浓度影响显著.年平均气温对不同植被类型的影响由高到低的顺序为:森林沼泽湿地灌丛农田草地;降水的影响为:森林沼泽湿地草地灌丛农田;CO2浓度的影响为:森林沼泽湿地草地农田灌丛.