Accounting for Cadmium: Tracking Emissions of Cadmium From the Global Economy

This paper examines the flow of cadmium through the global economy, with the aim of quantifying emissions of cadmium into the environment as a result of anthropogenic activities. First, a materials balance methodology is presented as the most appropriate means of assessing cadmium emissions from a wide range of anthropogenic sources. This is then applied to the best available data, from a variety of sources, to arrive at estimated flows of cadmium. Results are presented for 10 geo-political world regions and for a range of economic activities including non-ferrous metals production, iron and steel production, combustion of fossil fuels, fertilizer manufacture and use, cement production and the manufacture, use and disposal of cadmium containing products. Initially, this analysis partitions the total flow of cadmium into three major categories: atmospheric emissions, water-borne effluents and solid or bulked waste arisings. the paper then suggests a probable further partition of the initial emissions into different environmental media.     

Marine Organisms as Indicators of Heavy Metal Pollution-Experience from 16 Years of Monitoring at a Lead Zinc Mine in Greenland

In monitoring the impact of a lead-zinc mine in Greenland, species of fish, prawns, seaweed and mussels have been analysed for cadmium, copper, lead and zinc for several years. These metals have been released to the marine environment in significant amounts from the mining operation.     

基于GGE双标图和BLUP分析筛选镉砷同步低累积水稻品种

种植重金属低累积水稻品种是中国耕地重金属污染稻田安全生产的有效措施,为筛选镉砷同步低累积水稻品种,该研究通过测定盆栽、早稻季、晚稻季3个试验环境中18个水稻品种稻米镉砷含量,利用基因型主效加基因型——环境互作效应(GGE)双标图分析品种稻米镉砷低累积能力、稳定性、环境适应性,进一步通过最佳线性无偏预测(BLUP)法验证和筛选出镉砷同步低累积水稻品种。研究结果表明,3个试验中稻米镉砷含量差异显著,稻米镉含量为0.20—4.21 mg·kg^?1,稻米砷含量为0.03—4.24 mg·kg^?1,稻米镉差异来源主要受品种与环境互作的影响,占总影响的45.4%,稻米砷差异主要受环境和品种与环境互作的影响,分别占总影响的39.8%和33.6%。GGE分析稻米镉、砷低积累能力及稳定性好的品种分别为品种14、15与9和品种9、14与17。根据稻米镉砷含量综合BLUP值筛选出镉砷同步低累积最优品种为品种14(Y两优19),其次是品种9(晶两优华占),和GGE模型评价的结果基本一致。该研究结果表明利用GGE双标图和BLUP分析筛选镉砷同步累积水稻品种是一种可行的新方法。     

线性扫描溶出伏安法同时测定水样中铅镉铜锌

通过多壁碳纳米管-Nafion复合膜修饰电极,建立水样中痕量铅、镉、铜、锌同时测定的线性扫描溶出伏安分析法,优化支持电解质及pH值、修饰剂用量、富集电位及时间等测定条件。实验结果表明,在pH 4.0的NaAc-HAc缓冲液中,-1.20V富集5min后,在电位-1.04V、-0.72V、-0.45V及-0.16V附近分别产生锌、镉、铅、铜的灵敏溶出峰,测定各元素的线性关系良好,相对标准偏差均小于5.4%。该法已成功应用于实际水样中痕量铅、镉、铜、锌的同时测定,加标回收率在93.3%~106.7%之间,结果满意。     

石灰对土壤吸附镉行为及有效性的影响

酸性红壤上添加石灰显著增加土壤对镉的吸附量并降低吸附态镉的解吸量。但石灰用量较低时,镉的解吸率反而比未施石灰时增加。盆栽试验亦表明,在石灰用量较低时,土壤pH虽有所升高,但小麦和黑麦草植株镉含量降低不明显甚至有所升高;只有较高的石灰用量使土壤pH得以明显升高,植株吸镉量才能明显降低。对这一现象的原因进行了讨论。      

多波长K系数方程法同时测定水样中的Cu~(2+)、Co~(2+)、Cd~(2+)

多波长Ｋ系数方程法同时测定水样中Ｃｕ２＋、Ｃｏ２＋、Ｃｄ２＋,即选定三个测定波长,分别将三组分在两个波长处的吸光度转换为另一波长处的吸光度,即可列出一个多元一次方程组,进而解出此波长处各组分的吸光度,求得各组分的含量。对水样中的Ｃｕ２＋、Ｃｏ２＋、Ｃｄ２＋三组分同时测定,结果令人满意。     

Marine Organisms as Indicators of Heavy Metal Pollution-Experience from 16 Years of Monitoring at a Lead Zinc Mine in Greenland

In monitoring the impact of a lead-zinc mine in Greenland, species of fish, prawns, seaweed and mussels have been analysed for cadmium, copper, lead and zinc for several years. These metals have been released to the marine environment in significant amounts from the mining operation.     

Bioavailability and toxicity of cadmium to microorganisms and their activities in soil: a review

Significant quantities of cadmium (Cd) have been added to the soils globally due to various anthropogenic activities, raising concerns for environmental health. Microorganisms play a unique role in the soil ecosystem, because of their contributions to soil fertility. Contrasting trends, reported on the toxic effects of heavy metals including Cd on soil microorganisms and their activities, are attributable to short-term studies often limited to a single soil type and conducted under controlled laboratory conditions. There is a paucity of reliable field data on Cd alone, since most field studies on Cd-microorganism interactions in soils are based on sewage sludge containing multimetals and organic substances. No single parameter can be used to generalize Cd toxicity and different parameters can provide contrasting results. A battery of relevant tests, rather than just one single assay, involving important microbial activities should therefore be included in ecotoxicity studies. The bioavailability of Cd and associated toxicity to soil biota vary with time, soil type, speciation, ageing, Cd-source, organisms and the environmental factors. The available fraction or soil solution Cd, and not the total concentration of Cd, seems to correlate well with the toxicity parameters.     

塞曼效应石墨管原子吸收法测定人尿痕量镉

以磷酸二氢铵（ＮＨ４、Ｈ２ＰＯ４）作基体改良剂，用塞曼效应扣除背景直接进行石墨管原子吸收法测定尿中痕量镉，该法最低检出限为０．０２４μｇ／Ｌ，相对标准在４．５％，回收率达９５－１１２％。．     

镉对洋葱根生长和细胞分裂的影响

研究了不同浓度氯化镉溶液对洋葱根的生长,细胞分裂和染色体形态的影响.结果表明,随Cd~(2+)浓度增加,根的生长速率递减;随处理时间延长,每单位时间的根生长速度递减或停止,根尖细胞有丝分裂指数随Cd~(2+)的浓度增高和处理时间延长而递减.不同浓度Cd~(2+)都能引起染色体畸变,恢复培养后均能恢复生长,染色体畸变率降低