Quantitative analysis of microbial biomass yield in aerobic bioreactor

We have studied the integrated model of reaction rate equations with thermal energy balance in aerobic bioreactor for food waste decomposition and showed that the integrated model has the capability both of monitoring microbial activity in real time and of analyzing biodegradation kinetics and thermal-hydrodynamic properties. On the other hand, concerning microbial metabolism, it was known that balancing catabolic reactions with anabolic reactions in terms of energy and electron flow provides stoichiometric metabolic reactions and enables the estimation of microbial biomass yield (stoichiometric reaction model). We have studied a method for estimating real-time microbial biomass yield in the bioreactor during food waste decomposition by combining the integrated model with the stoichiometric reaction model. As a result, it was found that the time course of microbial biomass yield in the bioreactor during decomposition can be evaluated using the operational data of the bioreactor (weight of input food waste and bed temperature) by the combined model. The combined model can be applied to manage a food waste decomposition not only for controlling system operation to keep microbial activity stable, but also for producing value–added products such as compost on optimum condition.     

Homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions of anthracene with selected atmospheric oxidants

The reactions of gas-phase anthracene and suspended anthracene particles with O3 and O3-NO were conducted in a 200-L reaction chamber, respectively. The secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formations from gas-phase reactions of anthracene with O3 and O3-NO were observed. Meanwhile, the size distributions and mass concentrations of SOA were monitored with a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) during the formation processes. The rapid exponential growths of SOA reveal that the atmospheric lifetimes of gas-phase anthracene towards O3 and O3-NO are less than 20.5 and 4.34 hr, respectively. The particulate oxidation products from homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions were analyzed with a vacuum ultraviolet photoionization aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometer (VUV-ATOFMS). Gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer (GC/MS) analyses of oxidation products of anthracene were carried out for assigning the time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectra of products from homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions. Anthrone, anthraquinone, 9,10- dihydroxyanthracene, and 1,9,10-trihydroxyanthracene were the ozonation products of anthracene, while anthrone, anthraquinone, 9-nitroanthracene, and 1,8-dihydroxyanthraquinone were the main products of anthracene with O3-NO.     

潜流人工湿地处理农村生活污水动力学研究

考察潜流人工湿地处理农村生活污水的运行效果,并探寻一级动力学常数的空间变化情况,采用"厌氧调节池+二级串联潜流式人工湿地"工艺处理农村生活污水。结果表明,经过3个月运行后人工湿地对污水中COD、TP、TN和NH3-N的去除率分别达到了79.13%,71.54%,57.26%和60.01%。通过湿地原位检测显示以上各类污染物在生物床内都有较明显的沿程下降趋势,在床体的前半部分污染物的降解较快,后半部分相对缓慢。农村生活污水中污染物去除动力学符合一级动力学模型,一级生物床中COD、TP、TN和NH3-N的去除,Kv均值分别为3.048、2.469、1.625和1.695;二级生物床中Kv均值分别为2.542、1.946、1.383和1.453。生物床Kv呈现出减小的趋势说明生物床前端对各类污染物的降解速率比后端快。生物床间的跌水池的复氧,增加了二级生物床前端的Kv,提高了对污染物的降解速率。     

钢渣湿法捕获CO_2反应机制研究

以炼钢过程中排放的固体废弃物钢渣为碳捕获剂,进行了钢渣湿法捕获烟气CO2工艺的实验研究。通过分析钢渣的组成成份及反应机理,研究液固比、反应温度、反应时间、pH值及反应产物等主要参数对钢渣湿法碳捕获状况的影响。实验证明,通过合理的设计和适当的操作,可使钢渣湿法碳捕获效率达60%以上,具有一定的应用价值。     

超临界反应的应用

采用环境友好的溶剂在超临界状态下进行的化学反应,能加快化学反应速率,提高反应的产率和选择性,方便地实现反应分离过程的一体化,该技术以其独特的优越性获得了广泛研究与关注。笔者简述了近年来超临界反应在石油化工、环境保护、生物柴油制备领域的应用。     

光氧化反应脱汞技术发展综述

燃煤电厂烟气中汞污染的控制技术研究是目前重要的环保课题之一。气相元素汞成为大气中汞污染的主要来源。文章分析了光氧化反应脱汞技术(包括光化学氧化反应和光催化氧化反应)的反应机理,认为光化学氧化反应技术脱汞均是在紫外光作用下,产生具有强氧化性的基态原子或自由基,将难以脱除的Hg0氧化为高价汞,再通过配套的电除尘器等设备将高价汞捕集,进而达到汞污染控制的目的。不同的是,在光化学氧化反应中,汞的氧化需要借助于电厂烟气中的O2、H2O等成分,而在光催化氧化反应中,反应需要在光催化剂(TiO2或TiO2负载复合物等)的催化作用下进行。阐述了光氧化反应汞脱除技术研究进展。光氧化反应脱汞技术的汞脱除率均可达到60%~70%,具备设备简单、无二次污染等优点。     

全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)对斑马鱼卵黄蛋白原mRNA水平的影响

为了研究环境低剂量全氟辛烷磺酸（perfluorooctane sulfonate,PFOS）对水生生物的内分泌干扰效应和可能的作用机制,测定了PFOS对斑马鱼（Brachydanio rerio）肝脏中卵黄蛋白原（vitellogenin,VTG）mRNA水平的影响.将斑马鱼暴露于4个PFOS的环境低剂量浓度组（0.1、1、10、100μg.L-1）中进行21d毒性试验,收集肝脏样品,提取RNA,采用荧光定量PCR（qRT-PCR）分别检测VTG1和VTG3的mRNA水平.结果表明：①PFOS暴露引起雄性斑马鱼肝脏VTG1和VTG3 mRNA水平升高,VTG1 mRNA水平升高与剂量呈正相关,在100μg.L-1暴露浓度处与对照组呈现显著性差异;VTG3的mRNA水平变化与剂量呈倒U型曲线,呈现典型的毒物刺激荷尔蒙效应,在10和100μg.L-1暴露浓度处与对照组呈现显著性差异;②PFOS暴露引起雌性斑马鱼肝脏中VTG1 mRNA水平升高,在10μg.L-1暴露浓度处与对照组呈现显著性差异,但在高浓度（10和100μg.L-1）处试验结果误差较大;VTG3 mRNA水平只在10μg.L-1暴露浓度处升高,但相比于对照组均没有显著性差异.试验结果表明PFOS暴露对斑马鱼的内分泌干扰作用明显,其毒性作用机制可能是类雌激素效应,而肝脏中VTG1和VTG3mRNA水平可能作为PFOS内分泌干扰效应评价的敏感生物标志物,但VTG1和VTG3 mRNA水平的响应曲线呈现基因亚型和性别差异.     

区域空气质量模拟中查表法的应用研究

在自行开发完善的区域空气质量模式系统RegSRRMS中应用查表法,模拟中国典型城市群对流层大气主要污染物的浓度变化,评估该方法在大气复合污染事件预测和控制中的有效性.首先,利用具有国际先进水平的空气质量模式WRF-CHEM中的化学模块建立了包含完善气相化学、气溶胶过程的箱模式WRFBOX.其次,利用WRFBOX进行化学反应敏感性分析,基于影响污染物的重要因子分别建立了臭氧(O3)及其前体物、无机盐气溶胶和二次有机气溶胶(SOA)查算表数据库,并检验其有效性.最后,将此查算表数据库引入RegSRRMS,建立简化的查表算法.利用直接耦合机制法和查表法对2000年3月珠三角地区污染个例中主要大气污染物浓度进行模拟.通过比较2种方法的模拟结果,显示查表法计算效率提高了57%,能够反映大气光化学反应的非线性特征、气溶胶及其前体物的平衡关系,具有高分辨率、高时效性,能够方便快捷地给出源和受体之间的响应关系,结果可靠.在区域空气质量模式中应用查表法有利于大气污染事件的快速预测以及大气污染控制的快速决策.     

络合-超滤耦合工艺去除水中镍离子的研究

以聚丙烯酸钠(PAANa)和聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)作为络合剂,将其与镍离子络合后的溶液转移至超滤杯中,在0.1 MPa压力下通过聚醚砜超滤膜进行分离,研究pH值和络合剂/Ni2+装载质量比(L)对Ni2+去除率的影响,并根据朗缪尔等温模型拟合络合反应平衡常数.同时研究超滤时间对膜通量和Ni2+去除率的影响.结果表明,选用PAANa为络合剂,在pH值为8、L=5时,Ni2+的去除率达到最大值99.5%.PEI为络合剂时,Ni2+去除率在pH值为7、L为5时达到最大值93.0%.不同pH值条件下拟合得到的络合平衡常数表明,pH为7时最有利于络合反应.另外,单个络合剂单体所能结合的Ni2+个数随着pH值的升高而增大.研究结果还表明,在长达12 h的超滤时间内,PAANa为络合剂时,膜通量的衰减<10%;PEI为络合剂时,膜通量基本保持不变;Ni2+的去除率都基本保持恒定.因此,在合适条件下,络合-超滤耦合工艺能有效去除水中的镍离子.     

Oxidation inhibition of sulfite in dual alkali FGD system

A laboratory-scale well-mixed thermostatic reactor with continuously blasting air was used to investigate the oxidation inhibition of sulfite in dual alkali flue gas desulfurization （FGD） system. The effects of operating parameters such as pH value and catalyst concentration on the oxidation were studied. Sodium thiosulfate was used in the system, and was found that it significantly inhabited the sulfite oxidation. In the absence of catalyst, sodium thiosulfate at 12.67 mmol/L had an inhibition efficiency of approximately 98%. While in the presence of catalyst, sodium thiosulfate at 26.72 mmol/L had an inhibition efficiency less than 85.0%. The oxidation reaction order of sulfite in the sodium thiosulfate was determined to be -1.90 and 4）.55 in the absence and presence of the catalyst, respectively. Apparent activation energy of oxidation inhibition was calculated to be 53.9 kJ/mol. Pilot tests showed that the consumption rate of thiosulfate agreed well with the laboratory-scale experimental results.