海洋生态系统健康评价软件的研制与应用

基于我国近海海洋综合调查与评价专项课题构建的生态系统健康评价指标体系和评价模式,应用数据库技术及面向对象的信息系统开发技术,研制了海洋生态系统健康评价软件,实现了评价过程的信息化、规范化、科学化。根据908专项调查数据,用该软件评价了我国近岸海域、近海海域及重点海域生态系统健康状况,制作了评价专题图,为海洋生态管理及决策支持提供重要的依据。     

榆林市环境信息综合办公一体化的设想

为提高环保部门环境监管的效率和决策水平,实现现代化环境信息管理,在分析榆林市环境信息化建设的基础上,从环境管理的角度出发,结合榆林市环境信息化建设现状,将环境信息系统(EIS)的专业性和综合办公系统(OA)的大众性相结合,使两大系统在国家环境信息化建设的总架构下实现共享,设想环境信息与综合办公一体化,并对该一体化系统核心单元及其功能进行了叙述。     

消费者对不同层次安全信息可追溯猪肉的支付意愿研究

为满足消费者猪肉安全需求,防范猪肉的安全风险,国家商务部等从2010年开始分批选择若干个城市实施肉类可追溯体系.可追溯猪肉能否有效推广内在地取决于消费者的支付意愿.本文基于随机n价实验拍卖方法,对江苏无锡市区272位消费者对具有不同层次安全信息的三种类型可追溯猪肉的支付意愿进行了研究,结果表明,参与者愿意为具有可追溯属性的猪后腿肉支付一定的溢价,且对具有养殖信息与政府认证信息的可追溯猪后腿肉具有更高的支付意愿;而进一步运用MVP模型的研究证实,消费者对三种不同层次安全信息属性的可追溯猪后腿肉的偏好具有差异性.因此,政府完善猪肉可追溯体系并与政府认证机制相结合是满足消费者对不同层次安全信息的可追溯猪肉的市场需求,促进可追溯食品推广普及的重要路径.     

Research on Public Participation and Information Publicity in Strategic Environmental Assessment

Abstract

It has been generally recognized that strategic environmental assessment integrates environment and development into decision-making and becomes an important decision-making tool for implementing sustainable development. This paper firstly introduces the relationships of SEA, public participation(PP)and information publicity(IP), then discusses the key parts in enforcing the effective process of PP: They are the methods for how to make sufficient information open (What), when to implement PP (When), who will determinate the public (Who), and how to make the models of PP (How). Six cases are compared and analyzed. At last, ways to improve the effectiveness of PP in China is also presented.     

流域水资源丰富度评价的MFP模型及应用

水资源系统与许多因素有关,如各种水资源量、人口、社会经济发展指标等,它们共同组成了一个典型的复杂非线性系统。以最大流原理为基础,导出了描述水资源系统的信息动力学演化方程,建立了水资源评价的信息动力学模型,运用信息动力学模型建立了评价标准。该模型无需人为给定参数,客观性强,操作简便。最后运用理论模型对辽西沿海诸河流域水资源丰富度进行评价分析,得到各流域的丰富度状况,并与其它模型评定结果做出了比较,结果表明该方法具有较好的合理性和可操作性。由于该模型从一定程度上体现了水资源丰富度系统的演化动力学机理和水资源系统时空演变特性。因此,不仅在评价上有较大的优越性,在水资源丰富度发展变化状态的预测上也具有潜力。     

Economic feasibility of autonomous hybrid wind–diesel power systems for residential loads in hot regions: a step to mitigate the implications of fossil fuel depletion

Today, energy occupies a pivotal position around which all socio-economic activities revolve. No energy means no life, and supply of energy in a cheap, plentiful, long-sustainable and environmentally safe form is a boon for everyone. In the light of rising cost of oil and fears of its exhaustion coupled with increased pollution, the governments worldwide are deliberating and making huge strides to promote renewable energy sources such as wind. Integration of wind machines with the diesel plants is pursued widely to reduce dependence on fossil-fuel-produced energy and to reduce the release of carbon gases that cause global climate change. The literature indicates that commercial/residential buildings in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) consume an estimated 10–40% of the total electric energy generated. The aim of this study is to analyse wind-speed data of Dhahran (East-Coast, KSA) to assess the economic feasibility of utilising autonomous hybrid wind–diesel power systems to meet the electrical load of 100 typical residential buildings (with annual electrical energy demand of 3512 MWh). The monthly average wind speeds range from 3.3 to 5.6 m/s. The hybrid systems simulated consist of different combinations of 600 kW commercial wind machines supplemented with diesel generators. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory's hybrid optimisation model for electric renewables software was employed to perform the techno-economic analysis.

The simulation results indicate that for a hybrid system comprising 600 kW wind capacity together with a 1.0 MW diesel system (two 500 kW units), the wind penetration (at 50 m hub-height, with 0% annual capacity shortage) is 26%. The cost of generating energy (COE, $/kWh) from this hybrid wind–diesel system was found to be 0.070 $/kWh (assuming diesel fuel price of 0.1 $/l). The study exhibits that for a given hybrid configuration, the number of operational hours of diesel generator sets (gensets) decreases with an increase in the wind-farm capacity. Concurrently, emphasis has also been placed on wind penetration, un-met load, effect of hub-height on energy production and COE, excess electricity generation, percentage fuel savings and reduction in carbon emissions (relative to diesel-only situation) of different hybrid systems, cost breakdown of wind–diesel systems, COE of different hybrid systems, etc.     

Design for environment as a tool for the development of a sustainable supply chain

In this work, design for environment (DfE) methodologies have been used as a tool for the development of a more sustainable supply chain. In particular by combining life‐cycle assessment (LCA) techniques and by using the quality function deployment (QFD) multi‐criteria matrices, an ‘environmental compromise’ can be reached. In this work, the QFD matrices have been developed in a new way using an iterative process that involves the whole supply chain starting from the product life‐cycle, taking into consideration the machines that make the product and their components. This methodology is compatible with the requirements of the various stakeholders, suppliers, manufacturers and clients, involved in the supply chain. To assess the validity of the proposed approach a specific supply chain was studied concerning packaging systems for liquid food substances (beverage cartons). Firstly all the stages which are most critical from the environmental point of view in the supply chain of packaging systems were identified and assessed. The starting point for the analysis of environmental aspects and impacts which characterise the supply chain was LCA, which proved to be useful for the identification and the environmental assessment of the various stages in a packaging system. Through the use of ‘iterative QFD’ it is possible to arrive at a definition of the engineering characteristics of all the machinery which is involved in the supply chain. In particular in this work the authors have tried to identify the critical points in the design of those machines which either make the beverage cartons or are involved in the filling process.     

System dynamics modelling of hybrid renewable energy systems and combined heating and power generator

The role of energy in the present world is critical in terms of both economical development and environmental impact. Renewable energy sources are considered essential in addressing these challenges. As a result, a growing number of organisations have been adopting hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) to reduce their environmental impact and sometimes take advantage of various incentives. When a HRES is being planned, the ability to model a HRES can provide an organisation with numerous benefits including the capability of optimising sub-systems, predicting performances and carrying out sensitivity analysis. In this paper, we present a comprehensive system dynamics model of HRES and combined heating and power (CHP) generator. Data from a manufacturing company using HRES and CHP generator are used to validate the model and discuss important findings. The results illustrate that the components of a HRES can have conflicting effects on cost and environmental benefits; thus, there is a need for an organisation to make trade-off decisions. The model can be a platform to further simulate and study the composition and operating strategies of organisations that are venturing to adopt new or additional HRESs.     

海绵城市生物滞留带重金属污染特征及风险评价

生物滞留带作为海绵城市重要的净水和渗水措施,在全国海绵城市建设中得到了广泛的应用.为了探明生物滞留带重金属累积、污染和可能存在的环境风险,以全国首批海绵城市建设示范区重庆市悦来新城生物滞留带为研究对象,探讨其重金属含量与空间分布特征,利用污染系数、地质累积指数和潜在生态风险指数进行污染水平和生态环境风险评价.结果表明,悦来新城生物滞留带中除Mn外,Cu、Zn、Pb、Ni和Cd的含量平均值均超出重庆市土壤背景值的4.14、1.77、4.98、1.23和6.51倍.空间分布上,不同功能区域道路旁的生物滞留带重金属含量呈现出较大差异性,工业区道路生物滞留带中Cu、Zn、Mn、Pb、Ni和Cd的含量均显著高于其他区域生物滞留带中的同种类重金属含量（P<0.05）.污染系数和地质累积指数显示重金属的污染水平排序为：Mn相似文献   

Streamflow Depletion Modeling: Methods for an Adaptable and Conjunctive Water Management Decision Support Tool

Groundwater pumping depletes streamflow, which can have significant ecological impacts depending on the magnitude of depletion relative to environmental flow needs. Streamflow depletion estimates from groundwater pumping have been quantified using both analytical and numerical methods, but are not routinely compared to environmental flow needs or used in practical water management tools. Decision support tools that incorporate groundwater dynamics are becoming increasingly necessary for water managers as groundwater regulations become more important in environmental policy, particularly concerning the preservation of environmental flow needs. We develop and apply methods for a web‐based decision support tool for conjunctive groundwater and surface water management, demonstrated using a case study watershed in British Columbia, Canada. Open‐source data are analyzed with a combination of spatial algorithms and previously developed analytical models, such that the tool can be applied to other regions. Streamflow depletion estimates are calculated in four regions in the largely undeveloped Bulkley Valley, British Columbia. Our transparent methodology has geographic and data input flexibility which is a significant improvement on currently existing water management tool methods.