污染土壤中重金属的超声波强化EDTA洗脱及形态变化

以EDTA为洗脱剂,对重金属污染土壤进行超声波强化洗脱正交实验,并用Tessier连续提取法研究了洗脱前后Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn的形态变化.结果表明,在EDTA浓度20 mmol·L-1、固液比1∶20、超声波作用时间16 min、超声波功率54%、洗脱次数4次的条件下,对4种重金属洗脱率最大,分别为:Cd 83.6%、Cu 58.8%、Pb 98.0%、Zn 43.0%.在实验所设浓度范围内,随着EDTA浓度的升高,重金属洗脱率均有降低.形态分析结果显示,超声波强化EDTA洗脱能显著降低土壤重金属的残渣态含量.除土壤中Zn残渣态去除率只有5.7%以外,超声波强化EDTA洗脱对土壤中Cd、Cu、Pb的残渣态去除率都很高,分别为81.6%、62.3%、93.8%.     

陈家大院泡湖泊湿地植物多样性研究

研究陈家大院泡湖泊湿地植物多样性规律对于改善大庆市萨尔图区的生态环境,了解物种群落丰富度具有重要意义.通过野外样地调查,分析了陈家大院泡湖泊湿地植物群落组成,并计算了植物群落多样性特征指数,包括Margalef指数,Simpson指数,Shannon-wiener指数和Pielou均匀度指数,结果表明,研究区湖泊湿地共有38种植物,分别隶属于18科34属,除榆树为木本植物外,有36种草本植物以及1种藓类植物.经数据处理后得出,每个样方平均含有3个物种,植株个体数目平均为115,Margalef指数平均值为0.567,Simpson指数平均值为0.814,Shannon-wiener指数平均值为0.313,Pielou均匀度指数平均值为0.267.由此看出,陈家大院泡湖泊湿地植物多样性水平较低,植物群落组成较为单一,生态环境脆弱.     

三峡库区干支流落干期消落带土壤可转化态氮含量及分布特征

为探明三峡支流水体富营养化频发与库岸消落带土壤氮素"源-库"关系转化之间的内在关系,采用分级浸提法,分析了三峡库区长江万州段干流、苎溪河支流、密溪河支流消落带落干期土壤可转化态氮含量和分布特征.结果表明,与三峡库区万州段干流相比,支流消落带落干期土壤有机质和总氮含量较高,而阳离子交换量(CEC)和p H值较低.三峡干支流消落带土壤可转化态氮(TF-N)以OSF-N(有机态和硫化物结合态)为主,且含量上OSF-NIMOF-N(铁锰氧化物结合态氮)IEF-N(离子交换态氮)CF-N(碳酸盐结合态氮);而空间分布上,TF-N表现为:密溪河苎溪河长江干流,4种TF-N形态中IEF-N和OSF-N在干支流间无显著差异,而CF-N和IMOF-N分布与TF-N相反,是造成干支流消落带TF-N差异的主要因素.     

粤桂水源地有机氯农药的污染特征及生态风险

利用固相萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用技术(SPE-GC-MS)检测了粤桂水源地7个采样点水样中16种有机氯农药(OCPs)的浓度,分析了研究区OCPs的污染特征;利用BurrⅢ型分布构建了8种OCPs的物种敏感度分布曲线,并计算出不同OCPs对淡水水生生物的HC5(hazardous concentration for 5%species)值,最后应用安全阈值法评价了OCPs对水生生物的生态风险.结果表明,OCPs的浓度在6.64~34.19 ng·L~(-1)之间,平均值为16.76 ng·L~(-1),HCHs和DDTs及其降解产物在污染物中的贡献比例较大.HCHs主要来自家庭杀虫剂中的林丹,DDTs主要来自三氯杀螨醇的污染或历史残留.脊椎动物对OCPs的耐受性高于无脊椎动物,α-硫丹对水生植物和微生物的影响较大,p,p'-DDT对脊椎动物和无脊椎动物的影响较大.粤桂水源地OCPs对水生生物没有显著的生态风险,但DDTs和α-硫丹对水生生物存在较高的潜在风险,应加以重视.     

Cu-Al2O3中骨架铜类芬顿催化去除水中有机污染物

为解决传统铁基芬顿催化剂在水体通常酸碱(pH6)条件下活性低的问题,采用简单共沉淀法制备了Cu掺杂的Al_2O_3类芬顿催化剂.通过X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和紫外可见(UV-vis)吸收光谱分析表明,Cu-Al_2O_3中铜掺杂的质量分数低于4.77%时,催化剂中铜主要以Cu~(2+)和Cu~+的形式共存于Al_2O_3的骨架结构中,形成Al—O—Cu键;过量的铜掺杂会导致外骨架铜物种如铜氧化物团簇的存在.以难降解有机污染物2-氯苯酚(2-chlorophenol,2-CP)和染料罗丹明B(Rhodamine B,Rh B)为目标污染物,对Cu-Al_2O_3的类芬顿催化性能进行了详细地研究.结果表明,骨架铜物种在中性温和条件下对2-CP和Rh B显示出很高的催化去除效率和稳定性,反应2 h,Cu-Al_2O_3(Cu质量分数4.77%)对2-CP的去除率达到54%,相应的TOC去除率达到49%,而铜离子溶出浓度仅为0.025 5 mg·L-1,而Cu-Al_2O_3(Cu质量分数7.58%)由于外骨架铜的存在导致催化活性增加缓慢和稳定性下降.ESR测试结果表明,·OH和HO_2~-/O_2~-·是反应中主要的活性物种.     

Predicting occurrence of juvenile shark habitat to improve conservation planning

Fishing and habitat degradation have increased the extinction risk of sharks, and conservation strategies recognize that survival of juveniles is critical for the effective management of shark populations. Despite the rapid expansion of marine protected areas (MPAs) globally, the paucity of shark‐monitoring data on large scales (100s–1000s km) means that the effectiveness of MPAs in halting shark declines remains unclear. Using data collected by baited remote underwater video systems (BRUVS) in northwestern Australia, we developed generalized linear models to elucidate the ecological drivers of habitat suitability for juvenile sharks. We assessed occurrence patterns at the order and species levels. We included all juvenile sharks sampled and the 3 most abundant species sampled separately (grey reef [Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos], sandbar [Carcharhinus plumbeus], and whitetip reef sharks [Triaenodon obesus]). We predicted the occurrence of juvenile sharks across 490,515 km² of coastal waters and quantified the representation of highly suitable habitats within MPAs. Our species‐level models had higher accuracy (? ≥ 0.69) and deviance explained (≥48%) than our order‐level model (? = 0.36 and deviance explained of 10%). Maps of predicted occurrence revealed different species‐specific patterns of highly suitable habitat. These differences likely reflect different physiological or resource requirements between individual species and validate concerns over the utility of conservation targets based on aggregate species groups as opposed to a species‐focused approach. Highly suitable habitats were poorly represented in MPAs with the most restrictions on extractive activities. This spatial mismatch possibly indicates a lack of explicit conservation targets and information on species distribution during the planning process. Non‐extractive BRUVS provided a useful platform for building the suitability models across large scales to assist conservation planning across multiple maritime jurisdictions, and our approach provides a simple for method for testing the effectiveness of MPAs.     

Info-gap theory and robust design of surveillance for invasive species: The case study of Barrow Island

Surveillance for invasive non-indigenous species (NIS) is an integral part of a quarantine system. Estimating the efficiency of a surveillance strategy relies on many uncertain parameters estimated by experts, such as the efficiency of its components in face of the specific NIS, the ability of the NIS to inhabit different environments, and so on. Due to the importance of detecting an invasive NIS within a critical period of time, it is crucial that these uncertainties be accounted for in the design of the surveillance system. We formulate a detection model that takes into account, in addition to structured sampling for incursive NIS, incidental detection by untrained workers. We use info-gap theory for satisficing (not minimizing) the probability of detection, while at the same time maximizing the robustness to uncertainty. We demonstrate the trade-off between robustness to uncertainty, and an increase in the required probability of detection. An empirical example based on the detection of Pheidole megacephala on Barrow Island demonstrates the use of info-gap analysis to select a surveillance strategy.     

Prevalence of the Crayfish Plague Pathogen Aphanomyces astaci in Invasive American Crayfishes in the Czech Republic

Abstract:  In Central Europe invasive North American crayfishes are carriers of the oomycete Aphanomyces astaci, which causes crayfish plague. This lethal disease currently represents one of the major threats to native European crayfishes. We used molecular methods—species-specific amplification and sequencing of the pathogen DNA—to investigate the prevalence of individuals latently infected with A. astaci in 28 populations of two invasive American crayfish species (6 of the signal crayfish [ Pacifastacus leniusculus ] and 22 of the spiny-cheek crayfish [ Orconectes limosus ]) in the Czech Republic. The pathogen occurred in 17 investigated populations. We recorded a high variation in positive reactions, ranging from 0% to 100%, in populations of O. limosus . In P. leniusculus, however, only one individual out of 124 tested positive for the pathogen. There was a clear relationship between the water body type and pathogen prevalence in O. limosus . Infection ratios in isolated standing waters were usually low, whereas in running waters, pathogen prevalence often exceeded 50%. Other evaluated characteristics of potential plague pathogen carriers (size, sex, and the presence of melanized spots in the cuticle) seemed to be unrelated to infection. Our data suggest that in contrast to other European countries, O. limosus seems to be the primary reservoir of crayfish plague in the Czech Republic. Although all populations of alien American crayfishes may be potential sources of infections and should be managed as such, knowledge on the prevalence of the plague pathogen at various localities may allow managers to focus conservation efforts on the most directly endangered populations of native crayfishes.     

Structural-functional organization of lower vegetation layers in tree communities of the upper timberline ecotone in the Polar Urals

Typologically identical (dwarf birch-herb-dwarf shrub-moss) open and closed larch forests growing on the same altitudinal transect have proved to differ in the structural-functional organization of lower vegetation layers. Coverage, general species composition, and species richness of the herb-dwarf shrub layer are higher in the open forest than in the closed forest. Correlations between individual species of vascular plants weaken upon transition from the open to the closed forest. Conversely, the coverage of the lichen-moss layer increases in the closed forest, which contributes to its role as a factor of selection of vascular plant species against the background of the prevailing influence of the tree layer.     

Species composition and quantitative representation of fishes in biotopes with the riffle minnow <Emphasis Type="Italic">Alburnoides bipunctatus</Emphasis>

Species composition of fishes was studied in rivers (capture sites) inhabited by the riffle minnow. In some localities, this species proved to occupy a leading position in the ichthyofauna, being obviously dominant. In small rivers, 16 species were caught together with it, including seven species regularly occurring in catches. The relative abundance of riffle minnow showed a moderate positive correlation with that of the gudgeon (0.568) and a nonsignificant negative correlation (?0.399) with that of the bleak. It is probable that the population dynamics of riffle minnow are determined mainly by natural intraspecific mechanisms rather than by water quality, which has changed only slightly in the rivers studied.