Reactive properties of aquifer solid phase materials play an important role in solute fate and transport in the natural subsurface on time scales ranging from years in contaminant remediation to millennia in dynamics of aqueous geochemistry. Quantitative tools for dealing with the impact of natural heterogeneity in solid phase reactivity on solute fate and transport are limited. Here we describe the use of a structural variable to keep track of solute flux exposure to reactive surfaces. With this approach, we develop a non-reactive tracer model that is useful for determining the signature of multi-scale reactive solid heterogeneity in terms of solute flux distributions at the field scale, given realizations of three-dimensional reactive site density fields. First, a governing Eulerian equation for the non-reactive tracer model is determined by an upscaling technique in which it is found that the exposure time of solution to reactive surface areas evolves via both a macroscopic velocity and a macroscopic dispersion in the artificial dimension of exposure time. Second, we focus on the Lagrangian approach in the context of a streamtube ensemble and demonstrate the use of the distribution of solute flux over the exposure time dimension in modeling two-dimensional transport of a solute undergoing simplified linear reversible reactions, in hypothetical conditions following prior laboratory experiments. The distribution of solute flux over exposure time in a given case is a signature of the impact of heterogeneous aquifer reactivity coupled with a particular physical heterogeneity, boundary conditions, and hydraulic gradient. Rigorous application of this approach in a simulation sense is limited here to linear kinetically controlled reactions. 相似文献
Phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis has gained great importance in the study of soil microbial community structure. This structure can give indication of the soil status. Purpose of the present paper is to analyse PLFA patterns in altered agricultural soils in order to develop a soil status alteration index. Soils subjected either to intensive agricultural exploitation, or to overflow by municipal and industrial wastes, or to irrigation with saline waters were analysed for PLFA content and compared to adjacent untreated soils by means of different statistical techniques.
Principal component analysis separated PLFAs in three groups: unsaturated PLFAs (first axis, 48% of total variance), monounsaturated and cyclopropane PLFAs (second axis, 28% of total variance) and polyunsaturated PLFAs (third axis, 24% of total variance).
By means of canonical discriminant analysis, a soil alteration index (SAI) was produced from 15 PLFAs using two data sets. A third data set was used to test the SAI general validity together with other data sets reported in literature. The index validity was confirmed in most cases: SAI gave higher scores for control soils and was generally able to classify soils according to their reported degree of alteration. 相似文献
Erionite is a human and animal carcinogen and one of the most toxic minerals known. Erionite deposits have been reported in many countries; however, it is only in the area of three villages of Cappadocia, Turkey, that environmental exposure to erionite has been demonstrated to be the cause of an epidemic of the disease mesothelioma. In the USA, no cases of mesothelioma have been reliably proven to be the result of erionite exposure, though the possibility exists. Erionite samples from three villages of the Cappadocia region were characterized mineralogically and compared with three different standards from the USA. Micro morphological details of erionite minerals using a high-resolution field-emission SEM showed that microstructures of "bundles", "fibers", and "fibrils" are important physical properties of fibrous erionite minerals. Typical lung burden of erionite and asbestos fibers were compared in terms of number of fibers. Assuming the lung burden of fibers in a human mesothelioma victim is about 1 mg, and the hazardous fibers are approximately 1 mum in diameter and 10 mum long, that milligram contains approximately 40 million asbestos and 50 million erionite fibers. These microstructures of erionite minerals draw attention to the concepts of surface area or surface-area-to-volume ratio and their relationship to the carcinogenicity of the mineral. The larger surface area creates a wider platform for mineral-cell interaction and thus more possibilities of proliferative transformation of mesothelial cells. Consequently, understanding the exact mineralogical properties will help determination of the true carcinogenic mechanism(s) of the mineral for prevention and possibly treatment of malignant mesothelioma. 相似文献
Understanding effects of flow alteration on stream biota is essential to developing ecologically sustainable water supply
strategies. We evaluated effects of altering flows via surface water withdrawals and instream reservoirs on stream fish assemblages,
and compared effects with other hypothesized drivers of species richness and assemblage composition. We sampled fishes during
three years in 28 streams used for municipal water supply in the Piedmont region of Georgia, U.S.A. Study sites had permitted
average withdrawal rates that ranged from < 0.05 to > 13 times the stream’s seven-day, ten-year recurrence low flow (7Q10),
and were located directly downstream either from a water supply reservoir or from a withdrawal taken from an unimpounded stream.
Ordination analysis of catch data showed a shift in assemblage composition at reservoir sites corresponding to dominance by
habitat generalist species. Richness of fluvial specialists averaged about 3 fewer species downstream from reservoirs, and
also declined as permitted withdrawal rate increased above about 0.5 to one 7Q10-equivalent of water. Reservoir presence and
withdrawal rate, along with drainage area, accounted for 70% of the among-site variance in fluvial specialist richness and
were better predictor variables than percent of the catchment in urban land use or average streambed sediment size. Increasing
withdrawal rate also increased the odds that a site’s Index of Biotic Integrity score fell below a regulatory threshold indicating
biological impairment. Estimates of reservoir and withdrawal effects on stream biota could be used in predictive landscape
models to support adaptive water supply planning intended to meet societal needs while conserving biological resources. 相似文献
Forested riparian corridors are thought to minimize impacts of landscape disturbance on stream ecosystems; yet, the effectiveness
of streamside forests in mitigating disturbance in urbanizing catchments is unknown. We expected that riparian forests would
provide minimal benefits for fish assemblages in streams that are highly impaired by sediment or hydrologic alteration. We
tested this hypothesis in 30 small streams along a gradient of urban disturbance (1–65% urban land cover). Species expected
to be sensitive to disturbance (i.e., fluvial specialists and “sensitive” species that respond negatively to urbanization)
were best predicted by models including percent forest cover in the riparian corridor and a principal components axis describing
sediment disturbance. Only sites with coarse bed sediment and low bed mobility (vs. sites with high amounts of fine sediment)
had increased richness and abundances of sensitive species with higher percent riparian forests, supporting our hypothesis
that response to riparian forests is contingent on the sediment regime. Abundances of Etheostoma scotti, the federally threatened Cherokee darter, were best predicted by models with single variables representing stormflow (r2 = 0.34) and sediment (r2 = 0.23) conditions. Lentic-tolerant species richness and abundance responded only to a variable representing prolonged duration
of low-flow conditions. For these species, hydrologic alteration overwhelmed any influence of riparian forests on stream biota.
These results suggest that, at a minimum, catchment management strategies must simultaneously address hydrologic, sediment,
and riparian disturbance in order to protect all aspects of fish assemblage integrity. 相似文献
We examined the ability of male green frogs to assess the size of an opponent based on the dominant frequency of their advertisement
call, which is negatively correlated with size, using synthetic stimuli to simulate intruders of different sizes. In one field
playback experiment, we broadcast a pair of stimuli representing a small and a large male; in a second experiment, we broadcast
calls of a medium and a large male. In both experiments, males produced calls with significantly lower dominant frequencies
in response to each stimulus. Contrast analyses revealed that males lowered the dominant frequency of their calls more in
response to the large-male stimulus than in responses to the small- and medium-male stimuli. In the second experiment, males
also responded to the large-male stimulus by calling at higher rates. There were no differences in mean note duration or the
number of moves made toward or around the playback speaker in response to any stimulus. Thus, the frequency of an opponent's
calls elicits a differential modification of calling behavior, primarily in the form of differential dominant frequency alteration,
suggesting that males use dominant frequency to assess the size of opponents during aggressive encounters.
Received: 17 April 1998 / Accepted after revision: 7 October 1998 相似文献