环境空气质量改善导向的财政资金分配模型与实施机制

"十三五"时期改进环境空气质量是首要任务,如何充分发挥财政资金对地方环境质量改善的引导和激励功能。文章提出了基于环境空气质量导向的财政激励资金分配模型和实施机制,并以2014~2015年的城市PM监测数据2.5进行了案例分析,结果表明该分配模型和实施机制具有科学性和可操作性,可以为建立环境空气质量导向的财政机制提供管理技术支撑。     

一种以人为本的城市绿地评价方法及其应用——以南京市城市绿地质量评价为例

文章基于"以人为本"的理念,构建了从使用者角度对城市绿地质量评价的简明指标体系,采用多边形综合指标法及德尔菲法,兼顾科学性和可操作性,并应用该指标体系尝试分析南京市城市绿地质量。结果表明:南京城市绿地总体质量处于一般水平,其中公园绿地和风景名胜与自然保护区绿地质量较高。在各项评价指标中,南京居民对绿地管理质量满意度较低,视觉效果满意度、空间布局满意度较高。该评价体系从使用者角度展现了城市绿地的整体水平并直观反映出城市绿地所存在的问题,可为城市绿地规划与管理以及综合评价指标的构建提供重要的依据与参考。     

Identification of hot spot and safe zones of ambient air quality in North Maharashtra region,India

The continuous infrastructural and economic development exerted pressure on the environmental conditions of the North Maharashtra region. The air quality of North Maharashtra region was analysed for the identification of hot spots and safe zones of ambient air quality. The result shows air pollution at some part of North Maharashtra region. The levels of particulate matter were above the prescribed limits especially at Bhusawal, Dhule and Jalgaon Urban centres. The traces of polyaromatic hydrocarbons were also observed in the urban centres of study area. The binary ratios of the persistent prevailing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)'s show great correlation with the vehicular exhaust in the study region. The higher levels of pollutants in the study region were recorded in the post-monsoon season. The present study is first of its kind in the North Maharashtra region and an attempt has been made to analyse the anthropogenic sources and concentration of air pollutants in the area. The air pollutants reduce the defence system of human body and lead into severe health consequences like damage of lung tissues with escalation in the existing respiratory and cardiovascular diseases.     

关于开展环境质量监测督查的思考

简述了开展环境质量监测督查的重要性与必要性。指出,目前我国环境质量监测工作中尚存在的问题,部分环境质量监测点位(断面)设置欠科学合理,环境质量监测仪器与监测方法不统一,监测数据的可比性不强,监测能力和人员素质参差不齐,监测数据的质量缺乏保障,环境质量监测管理力度和水平不一,数据质量参差不齐。提出,环境质量监测督查不仅能为提高环境监测数据的质量提供可靠保障,又是对实现环境监测历史性转型开展的有益探索,各级环保行政管理部门和技术支持部门需要高度重视,加强工作抓出实效。     

浅谈美国环境监测质量保证与质量控制

介绍了美国环境监测质量保证(QA)/质量控制(QC)体系及其基本程序,着重对其监测项目QA/QC规划做了详细介绍。目的使其对我国环境监测QA/QC体系的完善起到一定的借鉴和指导作用。     

DQO- PRO软件在优化环境监测方案中的应用

介绍了美国开发的一个环境监测方案优化辅助软件———DQO -PRO ,阐述了其开发背景、设计思想及具体使用方法。该软件可以从互联网上免费下载 ,可以供我国环境监测人员在工作中借鉴     

冲压件质量精度分析

此文对冲裁件的质量、尺寸精度及影响制件的质量因素进行了分析,提出了提高制件质量的关键是控制间隙的大小。     

Insecticide fingerprinting tecinique for detection and location of organochlorine insecticide rssiduss in foods

Abstract

Insecticide fingerprinting technique enables the detection and location of DDT and HCII residues in vegetables through the development of green and Prussian blue colors respectively. Cut vegetables are pressed against o‐tolidine impregnated paper and exposed to sunlight where colored spots appear instantly. The studies on 18 vegetable varieties revealed the pesticide residues and their distribution in different tissues. This direct method is sensitive (0.3 μg for HCII & 0.5 μg for DDT) and has special applications in quality control laboratorios and food industry.     

Environmental quality criteria: Some considerations

The physicochemical characteristics of the recipient environment into which chemical contaminants are deposited may influence their chemical speciation, mobility, bioavailability, and toxicity. In formulating Water Quality Criteria, the Environmental Protection Agency of the United States (EPA) considered the modifying effect of abiotic environmental factors on pollutant toxicity in an innovative regulatory approach. Scientific knowledge of the interactions and correlations between pollutant toxicity and abiotic factors remains limited. Recognition of the influence of the physicochemical characteristics of the recipient environment on pollutant toxicity has implications for the eventual formulation of regional, rather than uniform and national, criteria. In addition, in developing Water Quality Criteria that incorporate the effects of pollutants on aquatic life, EPA primarily focused on toxicity to aquatic animals and plants (including unicellular algae). The effects of pollutants on microbe-mediated ecological processes that are necessary for maintaining the state and quality of the ecosphere (such as biogeochemical cyclings, litter decomposition, and mineralization) were not included in the formulation of the Water Quality Criteria. To facilitate the recognition and quantification of adverse effects of pollutants on these ecological processes, the development of a computation, termed the ecological dosage 50% (EcD₅₀) is recommended. Such a formulation could also be applied to setting environmental quality criteria for terrestrial ecosystems.     

秦皇岛市空气质量分析与改善对策

秦皇岛市从1998年5月29日至1999年2月25日空气污染指数平均为84.92,首要污染物是总悬浮微粒(TSP),空气质量Ⅱ级,属良好范围,在北方城市中仅次于大连和烟台。影响秦皇岛市空气质量的不利因素有煤炭运输规模大、建筑工地及城市卫生管理不严、绿地分布不合理、集中供热规模偏小等。为此,应继续治理煤尘,实行热电连产,改进绿化,加强管理。