淡水沉积物中重金属对底栖生物毒性及其生物有效性研究

以淡水单孔蚓(Monopylephorous limosus)、伸展摇蚊(Chironomus tentans)为受试生物,以生长抑制率、死亡率、自断率为测试终点,研究了沉积物中5种重金属(Cu、Cd、Ni、Pb、Zn)对底栖生物的毒性效应,探讨了沉积物中酸挥发性硫化物(Acid Volatile Sulfide,AVS)和同时提取金属(Simultaneously Extracted Metals,SEM)与生物毒性之间的关系.结果表明:5种金属加标沉积物对淡水单孔蚓和伸展摇蚊的毒性顺序分别是Cd(LC50281 mg·kg-1)Ni(LC50646 mg·kg-1)Cu(LC50830 mg·kg-1)Pb(LC501040 mg·kg-1)Zn(LC501320 mg·kg-1);Cd(LC5026.3 mg·kg-1)Pb(LC50248 mg·kg-1)≈Cu(LC50256 mg·kg-1)Ni(LC50343 mg·kg-1)Zn(LC501400 mg·kg-1).当SEM/AVS1时,除Cd外其他4种金属对淡水单孔蚓、伸展摇蚊幼虫均表现出较为明显的毒性效应,而且Pb、Ni、Zn对两种生物的毒性效应与SEM/AVS值之间表现出良好的一致性,说明SEM/AVS可以较好的反映沉积物中重金属的生物有效性.     

不同光强对阿特拉津和百草枯藻类毒性的影响

分别在20和50μmol·m-2·s-1光照强度下,研究了两种除草剂阿特拉津和百草枯对3株蓝藻:铜绿微囊藻Microcystis aeruginosa PCC7806、M.aeruginosa XW01、集胞藻Synechocystis PCC6803和两株绿藻:蛋白核小球藻Chlorella pyrenoidosa、四尾柵藻Scenedesmus quadricauda的毒害效应.通过测定藻的生长,计算出了半效抑制浓度EC50值,结果表明:高光强下两种除草剂对5株藻的96 h-EC50值均明显低于低光强下的值,显示高光强有促进两种除草剂对藻类毒害的效应.高光强可促使阿特拉津显著提高藻细胞的丙二醛(MDA)含量,提示高光强促进阿特拉津产生更多的自由基破坏细胞膜脂.     

不同剂型高效氯氟氰菊酯对大型溞的毒性效应

为明确剂型对农药制剂毒性的影响,参照《化学农药环境安全评价试验准则》的方法,测定了高效氯氟氰菊酯乳油、脲醛树脂微胶囊悬浮剂、聚脲微胶囊悬浮剂和水乳剂3种剂型4种制剂对大型溞的急性毒性,并对其体长、摄食等亚急性毒性指标进行了比较.结果表明,加工成不同剂型均会提高药剂的毒性,高效氯氟氰菊酯原药对大型溞的48 h-EC50为2.50×10-3mg·L-1,乳油、脲醛树脂微胶囊悬浮剂、聚脲微胶囊悬浮剂和水乳剂3种剂型的4种制剂的48 h-EC50分别为8.04×10-4、6.25×10-4、1.56×10-3、1.65×10-3mg·L-1,且毒性随暴露时间延长而明显增加.亚急性毒性试验结果显示,当浓度为1.00×10-4mg·L-1时,3种剂型的4种制剂均会对体长、摄食等亚急性指标产生影响,且不同剂型的高效氯氟氰菊酯对大型溞体长的影响强弱顺序为:脲醛树脂微胶囊悬浮剂乳油聚脲微胶囊悬浮剂水乳剂,对摄食的影响为:乳油脲醛树脂微胶囊悬浮剂聚脲微胶囊悬浮剂水乳剂.     

Emission factors of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from domestic coal combustion in China

Domestic coal stove is widely used in China, especially for countryside during heating period of winter, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） are important in flue gas of the stove. By using dilution tunnel system, samples of both gaseous and particulate phases from domestic coal combustion were collected and 18 PAH species were analyzed by GC-MS. The average emission factors of total 18 PAH species was 171.73 mg/kg, ranging from 140.75 to 229.11 mg/kg for bituminous coals, while was 93.98 mg/kg, ranging from 58.48 to 129.47 mg/kg for anthracite coals. PAHs in gaseous phases occupied 95% of the total of PAHs emission of coal combustion. In particulate phase, 3-ring and 4- ring PAHs were the main components, accounting for 80% of the total particulate PAHs. The total toxicity potency evaluated by benzo[a]pyrene-equivalent carcinogenic power, sum of 7 carcinogenic PAH components and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin had a similar tendency. And as a result, the toxic potential of bituminous coal was higher than that of anthracite coal. Efficient emission control should be conducted to reduce PAH emissions in order to protect ecosystem and human health.     

T-2 toxin induces developmental toxicity and apoptosis in zebrafish embryos

T-2 toxin is one of the most important trichothecene mycotoxins occurring in various agriculture products. The developmental toxicity of T-2 toxin and the exact mechanism of action at early life stages are not understood precisely. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to different concentrations of the toxin at 4-6 hours post fertilization （hpf） stage of development, and were observed for different developmental toxic effects at 24, 48, 72, and 144 hpf. Exposure to 0.20 Ixmol/L or higher concentrations of T-2 toxin significantly increased the mortality and malformation rate such as tail deformities, cardiovascular defects and behavioral changes in early developmental stages of zebrafish. T-2 toxin exposure resulted in significant increases in reactive oxygen species （ROS） production and cell apoptosis, mainly in the tall areas, as revealed by Acridine Orange staining at 24 hpf. In addition, T-2 toxin-induced severe tail deformities could be attenuated by co-exposure to reduced glutathione （GSH）. T-2 toxin and GSH co-exposure induced a significant decrease of ROS production in the embryos. The overall results demonstrate that T-2 toxin is able to produce oxidative stress and induce apoptosis, which are involved in the developmental toxicity of T-2 toxin in zebrafish embryos.     

海口市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰特性与重金属形态分析研究

生活垃圾焚烧飞灰因富合多种毒性物质而被列入危险废物名录.不同地区生活垃圾焚烧飞灰元素组成存在差异.论文研究了海口市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰的基本特性及重金属形态.结果表明,飞灰中Pb浸出值超过危险废物判别值的6倍之多,Pb、Cd和Zn的浸出值均超过生活垃圾填埋场限值.与As和Hg相比,Cu、Zn、Cr、Pb和Cd碳酸盐结合态的比例略高,在酸性条件下极易释放,对周围环境构成威胁.     

纳米氧化锌对斑马鱼肝脏的毒性效应

采用半静态急性实验方法,研究斑马鱼在浓度为0、0.05、0.1、5、10、25、50 mg·L-1的纳米氧化锌(nano-Zn O)中暴露4、24、96 h后,nano-Zn O对肝中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)的影响,肝脏中Bcl-2、Bax、p53和MDM2的mRNA表达量的变化以及暴露7、15、30 d时肝组织解剖结构变化情况.结果表明,与对照组相比,实验组表现为:1肝组织出现组织水肿,部分细胞质空泡化、细胞核固缩;2肝巨噬细胞增多,窦间隙增大;3肝中SOD活性升高、MDA含量增加、CAT活性降低;4肝脏中Bax/Bcl-2和p53的mRNA的表达量均升高;5 MDM2 mRNA的表达量表现为在低浓度组中降低,高浓度组中则升高.实验结果表明,nano-Zn O能引起斑马鱼肝脏发生氧化应激作用,使肝中抗氧化酶活性发生变化,并诱导肝脏中细胞凋亡相关基因的表达,使细胞发生凋亡且造成肝组织结构发生变化.     

生物传感细胞ADP1_pWHlux在水环境急性毒性检测中的应用

针对天然发光菌和以模式微生物为宿主构建的生物传感细胞在急性毒性检测应用中对测试条件要求苛刻等适用性问题,本研究将1株基因工程构建的生物传感细胞不动杆菌ADP1_p WHlux应用于急性毒性检测,建立检测方法,考察其灵敏度及检测范围.结果表明,ADP1_p WHlux发光受急性毒物的抑制,毒物剂量与发光抑制存在剂量效应关系.在4 mg·L-1Hg Cl2诱导下仅5 min可作出响应,暴露30~60 min后可以给出较为准确的结果.对Hg Cl2的检出限可达0.04 mg·L-1.对我国生活饮用水卫生标准的指标中Be2+、Ba2+、Cu2+、Ni2+检出效果明显,对Be2+、Ba2+、Cu2+的检测范围均在0.025~250 mg·L-1,对Ni2+的检测范围在0.002 5~250 mg·L-1,对Pb2+、Br O-3、Cl O-2的检出限均在0.002 5 mg·L-1,对Cl O-3检出限为0.025mg·L-1.采用ADP1_p WHlux生物传感细胞检测方法对北京市清河水环境急性毒性进行评价,表明ADP1_p WHlux生物传感细胞检测方法可用于污染水样检测.     

黄连根茎浸提物对隆线溞的急性毒性作用

黄连根茎和制剂具有抗菌等作用,广泛用于水产养殖.试验以隆线溞单克隆生物株为供试生物,研究了不同浓度的黄连根茎浸提物(Coptis chinensis root extracts,CRE)对隆线溞泳动能力、存活率及趋光性的影响.结果表明,黄连根茎浸提物对水溞具有急性毒性,半致死浓度半抑制浓度趋光指数显著改变的浓度,后者仅4.27 mg·L-1(以CRE浓度计),远远低于防治鱼病黄连进入水体的浓度.因此,水产养殖使用黄连药物对水溞存在生物毒性.此外,导致隆线溞趋光指数显著改变的CRE浓度比半致死浓度低30.62~36.51倍,测试时间从48 h或24 h缩短到3 h,且容易观察,利用隆线溞趋光性的改变可快速监测CRE对其的毒害作用.在水产养殖中,如果滥用黄连制剂,会影响水生食物链,导致水生态系统失衡.