The local nonprofit sector and the pursuit of sustainability in American cities: a preliminary exploration

This paper reports on the results of a study of the relationship between the nonprofit sector and the pursuit of sustainability in 13 moderate sized US cities with populations between 400,000 and 600,000. Dividing the cities into two groups – those that have been more serious and less serious about adopting and implementing sustainability policies, analysis of a survey of local public officials examines differences in the nonprofit landscape. Analysis shows that the cities that are more serious about sustainability have local public officials who interact more with nonprofit organisations, and are more likely to report the presence of at least one nonprofit group that supports city sustainability policies. Additionally, these reported groups are more likely to be “local”, or homegrown, and to be explicitly dedicated to the environment or sustainability. While far from definitive, the results provide evidence that the nonprofit sector is different in cities with sustainability policies, and suggest that the role of these nonprofit groups in the governance decisions of city leaders warrants more in-depth study.     

Local or global food markets: A comparison of energy use for transport

Abstract

This study compares energy use for food transport to a farmers' market in Sweden with energy use for transport in the conventional food system. The farmers' market was investigated through data sampling from on-site investigations. The conventional food system was studied with the aid of life cycle assessments reported in the literature. Overall, the study found no significant differences in levels of energy use for transport to the farmers' market compared with the conventional food system. For certain products, such as fresh fruits and vegetables, transport-related energy use was much lower in the local system although the season in Sweden for this kind of product is restricted to two or three months at the end of the summer. However, there is considerable potential to increase energy efficiency in local food systems by organizing the selling in new ways and by using more energy efficient vehicles.     

中美典型大城市突发事件应急管理模式的比较研究

我国经济的高速发展,我国城市突发公共安全事件也进入了一个相对高发期, 城市应急管理体系能有效地处理和预防城市突发公共事件,保障城市居民的人身安全和财产 安全.结合美国大城市的先进管理模式和经验,通过与我国大城市的应急管理模式在城市应 急管理体制的本质、应急管理的组织机构、应急管理运作机制、应急参与主体等几个方面的比较,...     

市场激励型环境规制工具对中国资源型城市高质量发展的影响

基于中国114个地级资源型城市2011—2018年的面板数据,采用熵权法测算各资源型城市的高质量发展指数,并利用系统GMM模型、静态面板门限模型和动态面板门限模型,探讨市场激励型环境规制工具对中国资源型城市高质量发展的影响及其作用机制。结果表明：（1）2011—2018年中国资源型城市高质量发展水平在总体向好的同时也存在一定程度的极差扩大现象,且在空间上呈现出“东高西低”的分布态势;（2）市场激励型环境规制工具对资源型城市高质量发展指数存在显著的正向影响;（3）市场激励型环境规制工具对资源型城市高质量发展的促进作用受到城市低碳生活基础设施水平的调节和制约,存在门限效应。基于实证研究结果进一步分析了相应的政策含义。     

资源型城市转型绩效特征及其碳减排效应

基于中国资源型城市2003—2018年面板数据综合测度城市转型绩效,采用空间马尔科夫链、空间计量模型和空间双重差分模型,探究资源型城市转型绩效特征及其对碳排放的影响。结果表明：（1）资源型城市转型绩效逐渐提升,与此对应的是区域差异呈波动上升趋势,且四种类型资源型城市之间区域差异主要来源于地区内差异,成熟型城市贡献最大;资源型城市转型绩效存在明显的空间分异性,发展格局由以跨越区为核心的“多点式”零星分布向先行区为核心的“组团式”聚集形态演变。（2）资源型城市转型绩效在不同时期存在状态转移的可能性,具有滞后区、起步区、跨越区和先行区4个趋同俱乐部特征,空间马尔科夫链表明转移趋势存在明显空间关联性,状态转移通常出现在相邻等级之间,较少有“跳跃式”转移现象,具有长期性和持续性特征。（3）资源型城市转型具有显著碳减排效应,而且这种效应存在不同资源类型、不同发展阶段和不同空间区位的异质性特征,经济产业转型、社会生活转型和生态环境转型是发挥碳减排效应的重要因素;进一步的政策冲击分析表明,产业转型升级示范区和高新技术产业开发区的设立对城市碳减排具有积极的政策效应。     

资源枯竭型城市产业转型及其经济韧性——以湖北省大冶市为例

产业转型是资源枯竭型城市面临的重要发展问题,探究资源枯竭型城市产业转型及其经济韧性的演化机制,对实现城市高质量发展具有重要意义。从演化经济韧性视角出发,以湖北省大冶市为例,构建资源枯竭型城市经济韧性评价指标体系,采取熵值法和PLS偏最小二乘法,定量揭示2000—2019年湖北省大冶市产业转型过程中经济韧性的演化特征及驱动机制。结果显示：（1）研究区经济韧性经历了衰退适应、抵御恢复、响应提升的演化阶段,分别对应其经济衰退转变期（2000—2009年）、发展恢复期（2010—2014年）、高效提升期（2015—2019年）,经济韧性水平呈现出“缓慢→快速”的上升态势。（2）2000—2019年研究区经济韧性演化的驱动因子由产业结构转变和创新水平提升转向多要素共同推动,其中居民收入、市场规模、政府调控能力、产业技术水平等因子是推进研究区经济韧性演进的关键因素。（3）产业多元化转型是研究区经济韧性提升的直接动力,以产业相关多样化为传导路径,在多要素驱动下研究区向更高层次的城市生命阶段演进。当压力要素消解、城市状态调整、响应方式优化时,经济韧性将通过激活产业要素、均衡化拓展驱动力来推动产业的“路...     

基于比较优势理论的中国区域种养结构时空格局演变分析

研究种植业与养殖业的生产格局及演变趋势是优化种养结构的重要基础,对保障我国粮食安全具有重要意义。基于全国2000年和2017年335个地市的种养业生产数据集,利用比较优势理论分析了我国主要作物和畜产品区域比较优势的时空格局演变。结果显示:（1）近 17年,种植业和养殖业生产的区域比较优势空间格局上均无显著变化,肉类产出的优势区域呈扩散趋势;（2）饲料粮（玉米和大豆）生产的优势区域与精饲料消耗为主的牲畜（猪、禽类）优势区域并不匹配。为提升我国农业生产的种养结合水平,提出以下建议:区域种植业和养殖业的结构需进行合理化调整;根据区域种植业规模来确定养殖业规模;在区域尺度上合理布局有机肥加工厂;加强有机肥施用技术的研发;加大对养殖企业粪污处理方面的监管力度。     

Temporal and spatial characteristics of PM2.5 transport fluxes of typical inland and coastal cities in China

Local pollution and the cross-boundary transmission of pollutants between cities have an inevitable impact on the atmosphere. Quantitative assessments of the contribution of transport to pollution in inland and coastal cities are necessary for the implementation of practical, regional, and joint emission control strategies. In this study, the Comprehensive Air Quality Model (CAMx), together with the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF), was used to simulate the contributions to pollution of different cities in 2016. The monthly inflow, outflow, and net flux from the ground to the extended layers served as the three main indicators for the analysis of the interactions of PM_2.5 transport between adjacent cities. Between inland and coastal cities, the magnitude of inflow and outflow are larger in the former than in the latter. The inflow flux in the inland cities (Beijing and Shijiazhuang) was 10.6 and 10.7 kt/day, respectively, while that in the coastal cities (Tianjin, Shanghai, Hefei, Nanjing, and Hangzhou) was 9.1, 3.3, 5.8, 4.4, and 3.7 kt/day, respectively. In terms of variation over the year, the strongest inflow in the BTH region occurred in April, followed by October, July, and January, while that in the coastal cities in YRD occurred in January, followed by October, April, and July. Therefore, based on the flux intensity calculations and the transport flux pathways, effective joint control measures can be provided with scientific support, and a better understanding of the evolutionary mechanism among inland and coastal cities can be acquired.     

以Hartwick准则破解“资源的诅咒”

一些资源禀赋较高的国家或地区,一直以来经济社会发展未充分享受自然资源带来的红利,甚至陷入贫困和动荡,这一现象被称作"资源的诅咒";在我国,也有不少资源型城市在发展过程中由于资源的耗竭而陷入困境。经济学家Hartwick对资源枯竭区域发展进行了深入研究,并提出"Hartwick准则"对这一类区域的发展进行了理论指导。本文对Hartwick准则进行简要介绍,以这一准则在非洲国家博茨瓦纳的钻石开发中的应用进行分析,并依据理论和经验,对我国一些资源型区域的发展提出建议。     

The forgotten pillar: a definition for the measurement of social sustainability in American cities

This article provides a timely review of the interdisciplinary and disjointed literature on social sustainability and identifies some readily available measures of this concept for American cities. Based upon a comprehensive review of the literature, four broad dimensions are identified as being reflective of social sustainability: equal access and opportunity, environmental justice, community and the value of place, and basic human needs. Breaking these four dimensions into measurable indicators, this research provides a method for researchers and for American cities to begin to evaluate and to assess social sustainability efforts within their jurisdictions.