云南籼稻核心种质回交后代苗期耐冷性研究

早春低温和连续阴雨是导致籼稻烂秧的主要因素之一,筛选耐冷的种质资源,将耐冷性基因导入高产的籼稻品种之中是防止低温冷害最为经济有效的方法。加强籼籼稻杂交后代的苗期耐冷性研究,可为籼稻耐冷性育种提供条件。以235份云南籼稻核心种质和云南主栽籼稻品种滇屯502(Oryzasatica)配制的杂种F5、BC1F4、BC2F3和BC3F2代为材料,在昆明自然条件下,对亲本及其后代进行苗期(三叶)耐冷性研究。结果表明,(1)不同回交世代与杂种与亲本间的苗期耐冷强弱差异较大,总体趋势为回交供体亲本>F5>BC1F4>BC2F3>BC3F2;揭示了随着回交世代的增加,其回交杂种苗期耐冷性减弱,越来越趋于轮回亲本,在耐冷育种上对回交供体亲本及其早世代材料进行选择更易获得苗期强耐冷材料。(2)同一稻作区,回交供体亲本的苗期耐冷强于杂种后代;稻作区划间,回交供体亲本及杂种F5总趋势相近,滇中一季籼稻粳稻区和滇东北高原粳稻区材料耐冷最强,而BC1F4、BC2F3和BC3F23个回交世代存在一定差异。     

离心脉冲静电除尘模型的除尘性能实验研究

介绍了一种直筒式离心脉冲静电除尘器，研究了其除尘效率与入口风速，直流基础电压，入口粉尘浓度等操作因素的关系；测定了在不同入口风速，不同供电情况下除尘器的分级效率，结果表明，离心脉冲静电除尘器具有结构简单，阻力损失低，除尘效率高等优点；脉冲供电能显著提高除尘器的分级效率。对粒径小于2μm的粉尘的捕集，入口风速为6.97m/s至12.79m/s时，脉并非中供电与直流供电相比，其分级效率提高10%-23%；与旋风相比，其分级效率提高37%-66%。     

餐厨垃圾生态循环综合处置方案初探

介绍了餐厨垃圾的特点及危害,以及我国餐厨垃圾处理的现状;分析比较了目前国内外餐厨垃圾几种常见处置方法.根据我国餐厨垃圾产生量大、含水率高、油脂和盐分含量高以及成分复杂等特点,提出了分类收集运输、源头预处理以及餐厨垃圾与其它添加物混合堆肥的生态循环综合处置方案,以期为餐厨垃圾处理提供借鉴.     

钢铁窑炉烟尘PM_(2.5)控制技术与装备

简述了国家863课题"钢铁窑炉烟尘PM_(2.5)控制技术与装备"的目的、意义和研究成果,介绍了细颗粒物预荷电技术、基于海岛纤维的表面超细过滤材料、预荷电袋滤器、"一阀多喷"清灰等技术的最新进展,通过示范工程的成功运行,验证了成果的先进性和实用性。研究成果将为工业窑炉烟尘细颗粒物深度净化提供技术和装备支撑,适用于新建除尘项目和除尘项目改造。     

湿式电除尘器用于生物质气化燃气除尘的实验研究

生物质粉尘是生物质气化燃气中主要的杂质之一,其清除效果对生物质气化发电机组的安全运行有着重要的影响。以湿式电除尘装置作为试验平台,研究了生物质粉尘的特性和不同影响因素下湿式电除尘器的除尘效率,并对干法、湿法除尘效率进行对比。研究结果表明:生物质粉尘主要含C、O、Mg、Al、Si、K、Ca、Fe等元素,中位径为26.05μm。在相同条件下,除尘效率随着水压的增大而逐渐增大,当增加到0.4 MPa以后,无较大变化,除尘效率随着电场风速、焦油浓度的增加而减少,在洗涤水中添加少量的碱液有利于除尘。采用极配型式为RS二刺芒刺线配480C型板,当水压为0.4 MPa、电场风速为1.0 m/s,除尘效率可达99.21%。     

接地极雾化电晕放电旋风除尘器的实验研究

静电旋风除尘器的除尘效率高,占地面积小,安装方便,得到了广泛的应用。比较了接地极雾化电晕放电旋风除尘器,静电旋风除尘器和传统旋风除尘器的放电特性、捕集效率、分割粒径、分级效率和对高比电阻的适应能力。研究表明:首先,流量为80 m L/min时,接地极雾化电晕放电旋风除尘器的起晕电压和放电电流均优于静电旋风除尘器;其次,接地极雾化电晕放电旋风除尘器的分割粒径和分级效率都明显优于静电旋风除尘器,而分级效率更是较传统旋风除尘器提高了15%以上。最后,当粉尘的比电阻增大时,接地极雾化电晕放电旋风除尘器的收集效率保持稳定,几乎不随工作时间改变,而静电旋风除尘器的效率则随着工作时间的增加而降低。因此,接地极雾化电晕放电技术更有利于高比电阻粉尘的捕集,应用前景广阔。     

Prevalence and perspectives of illegal trade in cacti and succulent plants in the collector community

Although illegal wildlife trade (IWT) represents a serious threat to biodiversity, research into the prevalence of illegal plant collection and trade remains scarce. Because cacti and succulents are heavily threatened by overcollection for often illegal, international ornamental trade, we surveyed 441 members of the cacti and succulent hobbyist collector community with a mixed quantitative and qualitative approach. We sought to understand collector perspectives on the Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES) and on the threats IWT poses to cactus and succulent conservation. Most respondents (74% of 401 respondents) stated that illegal collection in cacti and succulents represents a “very serious problem” and that the problem of wild plant collection is increasing (72% of 319 respondents). Most forms of illegal collection and trade were seen as very unacceptable by respondents. Self-reported noncompliance with CITES rules was uncommon (11.2% of 418 respondents); it remains a persistent problem in parts of the cacti and succulent hobbyist community. People engaging in rule breaking, such as transporting plants without required CITES documents, generally did so knowingly. Although 60.6% of 381 respondents regarded CITES as a very important tool for conservation, sentiment toward CITES and its efficacy in helping species conservation was mixed. Collectors in our survey saw themselves as potentially playing important roles in cactus and succulent conservation, but this potential resource remains largely untapped. Our results suggest the need for enhanced consultation with stakeholders in CITES decision-making. For challenging subjects like IWT, developing evidence-based responses demands deep interdisciplinary engagement, including assessing the conservation impact of species listings on CITES appendices.     

塔里木油田库尔勒生活基地生活垃圾处理现状与对策探讨

对塔里木油田库尔勒生活基地生活垃圾的处理现状和主要构成进行调查后,结合所在城市生活垃圾的处理方式,提出库尔勒生活基地生活垃圾"分类收集与回收利用"的途径,分析了实施中可能存在的问题,探讨了具体的对策,强调要从加强环保宣传、明确管理部门责任、完善回收设施、采用半市场化处理的对策思路。     

Disinfection byproducts in drinking water and regulatory compliance: A critical review

Disinfection by-products (DBPs) are regulated in drinking water in a number of countries. This critical review focuses on the issues associated with DBP regulatory compliance, including methods for DBP analysis, occurrence levels, the regulation comparison among various countries, DBP compliance strategies, and emerging DBPs. The regulation comparison between China and the United States (US) indicated that the DBP regulations in China are more stringent based on the number of regulated compounds and maximum levels. The comparison assessment using the Information Collection Rule (ICR) database indicated that the compliance rate of 500 large US water plants under the China regulations is much lower than that under the US regulations (e.g. 62.2% versus 89.6% for total trihalomethanes). Precursor removal and alternative disinfectants are common practices for DBP regulatory compliance. DBP removal after formation, including air stripping for trihalomethane removal and biodegradation for haloacetic acid removal, have gained more acceptance in DBP control. Formation of emerging DBPs, including iodinated DBPs and nitrogenous DBPs, is one of unintended consequences of precursor removal and alternative disinfection. At much lower levels than carbonaceous DBPs, however, emerging DBPs have posed higher health risks.     

江苏省稻麦秸秆收集利用现状分析及对策

以江苏省稻麦秸秆收集为例,采用问卷调查与实地调研相结合的方法,调查了稻麦秸秆收集利用现状;结合当地稻麦收获期间的气象资料,分析了稻麦秸秆收集面临的困难。结果显示:(1)目前稻麦秸秆的主要利用方式是直接还田,供调研2个乡(镇)秸秆还田农户分别占调研户数的22.01%和28.75%;2个乡(镇)均有部分稻麦秸秆没有得到有效处理,乡(镇)B 50%以上的农户稻麦秸秆未被利用,被遗弃和焚烧的比例高达55%以上;(2)稻麦收获季节旬降水量为7.21~87.28 mm,旬降水时间为1.53~5.00 d,降水天气不仅影响稻麦的适时收获,更严重影响着秸秆的收集打捆、运输与贮存;(3)稻麦收获时间相对集中,大量秸秆短时间内产生,收种时间几乎完全重叠,可供秸秆收集的时间极短;(4)秸秆收集效益低,农户收集运输的收益约为60~90元·d-1,低于外出务工收入,难以吸引社会资本投入到秸秆收贮产业;(5)秸秆收集打捆装备缺乏,现有收集装备及技术亟需改进和完善,秸秆收集机械化水平低,直接影响到收集效率。因此,可收集时间短、受天气影响大、收集效益低、收集机械化水平低是当前阻碍稻麦秸秆收集的主要问题,应提升秸秆收集效益驱动力,加快稻麦收割打捆机研发,建立秸秆收集长效运行机制,以解决秸秆收集难题。