Thermal Solid State Reactions of Potato Starch with α-Hydroxy Acids

The numerous applications of dextrins resulting from the heating of potato starch with α-amino acids prompted me to check the thermal reactions of starch with hydroxy acids and their lactones, such as citric acid, lactic acid, tartaric acid, and coumarine. The course of reactions was observed by means of Simultaneous TG/DSC Thermal Analyser. The thermal reactions were carried out on convectional and microwave heating. The course of reactions under such conditions was compared and properties of resulting dextrins were recognized. The structure and properties of products were obtained from FTIR spectra, water solubility tests, and pH measurements. It was found, that hydroxy acids and/or products of their thermal transformations reacted with starch and/or resulting dextrins producing esters or crosslinking esterification of dextrins took place. The properties of new dextrins were presented in order to check, in further studies, their application for selective flotation of complex metal ores and their suitability as prebiotics.     

双室微生物燃料电池利用乙酸钠和淀粉产电研究

研究了厌氧活性污泥接种的双室微生物燃料电池(Microbial Fuel Cells,MFCs) 分别供给以乙酸钠和淀粉为底物的人工配水的产电情况和有机物去除效果. 结果表明,MFCs中能量的输出与底物的种类有关,使用乙酸钠和淀粉达到的最大输出电压分别为0.43和0.39 V,最大功率密度分别为36.03和 6.32 mW/m2,简单底物的输出电压和功率密度高于复杂底物. MFCs在产电同时还可有效去除水中的有机物,288 h时以乙酸钠和淀粉为底物的MFCs中TOC的去除率分别为91.15%和83.20%,NH₃-N的去除率分别为90.31%和86.20%. 扫描电镜发现,2种底物下MFCs阳极表面的微生物形态差异显著,以乙酸钠为底物的MFCs阳极表面生物相主要为杆菌和弧菌;以淀粉为底物的阳极表面主要是球菌,表明不同底物条件下MFCs中所形成的微生物优势种群也不同.      

交联阳离子淀粉的合成及其对重金属离子的吸附

通过正交实验合成了取代度为0．568的交联阳离子淀粉。考察了溶液pH、螯合剂用量、重金属离子初始浓度对交联阳离子淀粉去除重金属离子效果的影响。当重金属离子初始质量浓度为50mg／L、螯合剂投加量为0．5g／U时,Pb^2 ,Cu^2 ,Cr^3 在溶液pH为6时的去除率达到最高,分别为97．94％,99．46％,84．30％,而Cd^ 在溶液pH为7时的去除率达到最高,为99．36％。实验结果表明,交联阳离子淀粉是一种有效去除废水中重金属的处理剂。     

共混塑料在海水中的光降解及海洋环境风险

共混塑料因其用途广泛且价格低廉,生产和使用量逐渐增加,然而共混塑料在海水中光降解及其海洋环境风险尚不明确.选取聚丙烯/热塑性淀粉共混塑料（PP/TPS）和聚乳酸/对苯二甲酸-己二酸丁二醇酯/热塑性淀粉共混塑料（PLA/PBAT/TPS）为研究对象,单一聚合物塑料聚丙烯（PP）和聚乳酸（PLA）作为对照,探究共混塑料在海水中光降解后微塑料（MPs）的形成和物理化学性质的变化.MPs的粒径分布显示,与PP和PLA相比,PP/TPS和PLA/PBAT/TPS光降解后容易产生尺寸更小的颗粒,主要原因是共混塑料机械性能和抗紫外线能力较差.共混塑料光降解后表面出现更多裂纹和褶皱,表面形貌发生明显变化,而PP和PLA变化不明显.ATR-FTIR光谱显示PP/TPS和PLA/PBAT/TPS光降解后热塑性淀粉（TPS）的特征峰减小,表明共混塑料的淀粉组分降解.C 1s光谱表明,老化共混塑料含有更少的—OH,进一步证实了TPS的光降解.以上结果表明PP/TPS和PLA/PBAT/TPS比PP和PLA光降解程度更高,从而产生更多小粒径MPs.综上所述,共混塑料可能比单一聚合物塑料对海洋环境风险更高,对共混塑料的生产和使用应谨慎.     

微生物絮凝剂的研究进展及应用现状

絮凝（混凝）技术是一种既经济、简便又最普遍使用的处理方法。目前,研制高效无毒的絮凝剂成为环境科学与工程领域中的重要内容。介绍微生物絮凝剂在环境中的应用优势以及国内外对微生物絮凝剂的应用现状,论述其在印染废水、啤酒废水、味精废水和淀粉废水中的应用,并提出今后微生物絮凝剂的发展前景及方向。     

以淀粉为模板多孔纳米氧化铈的制备及其催化性能研究

为获得多孔纳米CeO₂（氧化铈）,以淀粉为生物模板,以Ce（NO₃）₃·6H₂O为铈源,在温和条件下制备出海绵状的多孔纳米CeO₂,同时考察了焙烧温度、碱液、铈源投加量对样品形貌的影响.利用XRD（X射线衍射光谱）、SEM（扫描电镜）、N₂吸附-脱附等表征手段对合成的多孔纳米CeO₂进行物相组成、微观形貌及孔径大小分布的分析.通过湿式催化过氧化试验,探究其对腈纶废水中有机物COD_Cr的催化降解性能.结果表明:①所制备的多孔纳米CeO₂具有多孔结构,孔径分布范围为2~4 nm,孔容为0.225 cm3/g,BET比表面积为256.426 m2/g;②多孔纳米CeO₂的最佳制备条件为1 g淀粉溶解于20 mL水中,加入0.02 mol Ce（NO₃）₃·6H₂O,以5%的氨水调节前驱体混合液pH,以1℃/min升至400℃,焙烧4 h,得到海绵状的多孔纳米CeO₂.③以不同形貌的CeO₂作为湿式催化反应中的催化剂,催化降解腈纶废水中有机物,其中以制备的多孔纳米CeO₂催化性能最佳,COD_Cr去除率可达82.5%.研究显示,焙烧温度、碱液、铈源投加量均可影响样品的形貌,在湿式催化过氧化处理腈纶废水试验中,多孔纳米CeO₂能显著提高废水COD_Cr的去除率.      

淀粉/ZVI-Ni-Cu三金属复合材料降解三氯乙烯和氯仿的效能

采用液相Na BH4还原法,制备出淀粉负载纳米铁镍双金属(淀粉/ZVI-Ni)和淀粉负载纳米铁镍铜三金属复合材料(淀粉/ZVI-Ni-Cu),并采用XRD、SEM、BET、XRF等仪器对其性能进行表征;进而对比其与纳米零价铁(ZVI)、淀粉负载零价铁(淀粉/ZVI)对三氯乙烯和氯仿的降解效果及影响淀粉/ZVI-Ni-Cu降解氯代烃的因素.结果表明:通过双金属和三金属的掺杂,可有效提高复合材料对氯代烃的降解,其降解效能关系为:淀粉/ZVI-Ni-Cu淀粉/ZVI-Ni/淀粉/ZVIZVI.其中淀粉/ZVI-Ni-Cu三金属复合材料在48 h内可实现氯代烃的完全降解.由于淀粉载体的加入,使得纳米金属材料成功地负载在淀粉上,复合材料的抗氧化性增强了,降解效果也更稳定可靠.     

两种释碳材料的制备及其性能研究

应用固定化技术制备了包埋淀粉的聚乙烯醇(PVA)释碳材料和海藻酸钠(SA)释碳材料,采用红外光谱和扫描电镜对其物化特性进行分析,研究了二者的释碳性能以及作为碳源对硝态氮的去除效果.结果表明,PVA释碳材料中淀粉混合较好,释碳过程满足二级动力学方程,单位质量材料释放的饱和COD达到99.60mg/(g·L).在温度为18~22℃,pH7.2~8.0,硝态氮浓度为35mg/L的条件下,PVA释碳材料的平均反硝化速率为18.5g/(m3·d),SA释碳材料的平均反硝化速率为15.5g/(m3·d),在稳定运行15d后,出水硝态氮浓度逐渐升高,脱氮效果开始下降.     

利用马铃薯淀粉废水处理沉淀物制备高吸水性树脂的研究

利用凹凸棒和膨润土混合黏土处理马铃薯淀粉废水,COD去除率可达52.8%,然后以马铃薯淀粉废水处理沉淀物为主要原料,采用水溶液聚合法合成高吸水性树脂,研究了中和度、沉淀物量、交联剂量、引发剂量等因素对吸水性树脂吸水倍率的影响。实验结果表明:当中和度50%、处理沉淀物8 g、交联剂0.015 g、引发剂0.15 g时,吸蒸馏水倍率可达793 g/g,吸自来水倍率可达227 g/g。     

Microbial community structure and dynamics of starch-fed and glucose-fed chemostats during two years of continuous operation

The microbial community structures of two mesophilic anaerobic chemostats, one fed with glucose, the other with starch as sole carbon sources, were studied at various dilution rates (0.05–0.25 d^–1 for glucose and 0.025–0.1 d^–1 for starch) during two years continuous operation. In the glucose-fed chemostat, the aceticlastic methanogen Methanosaeta spp. and hydrogenotrophic methanogen Methanoculleus spp. predominated at low dilution rates, whereas Methanosaeta spp. and the hydrogenotrophic Methanobacterium spp. predominated together when dilution rates were greater than 0.1 d^–1. Bacteria affiliated with the phyla Bacteroidetes, Spirochaetes, and Actinobacteria predominated at dilution rates of 0.05, 0.1, and 0.15 d^–1, respectively, while Firmicutes predominated at higher dilution rates (0.2 and 0.25 d^–1). In the starch-fed chemostat, the aceticlastic and hydrogenotrophic methanogens coexisted at all dilution rates. Although bacteria belonging to only two phyla were mainly responsible for starch degradation (Spirochaetes at the dilution rate of 0.08 d^–1 and Firmicutes at other dilution rates), different bacterial genera were identified at different dilution rates. With the exception of Archaea in the glucose-fed chemostat, the band patterns revealed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of the microbial communities in the two chemostats displayed marked changes during long-term operation at a constant dilution rate. The bacterial community changed with changes in the dilution rate, and was erratic during longterm operation in both glucose-fed and starch-fed chemostats.