Hydrogen and transportation: alternative scenarios

If hydrogen (H₂) is to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions and oil use, it needs to displace conventional transport fuels and be produced in ways that do not generate significant greenhouse gas emissions. This paper analyses alternative ways H₂ can be produced, transported and used to achieve these goals. Several H₂ scenarios are developed and compared to each other. In addition, other technology options to achieve these goals are analyzed. A full fuel cycle analysis is used to compare the energy use and carbon (C) emissions of different fuel and vehicle strategies. Fuel and vehicle costs are presented as well as cost-effectiveness estimates. Lowest hydrogen fuel costs are achieved using fossil fuels with carbon capture and storage. The fuel supply cost for a H₂ fuel cell car would be close to those for an advanced gasoline car, once a large-scale supply system has been established. Biomass, wind, nuclear and solar sources are estimated to be considerably more expensive. However fuel cells cost much more than combustion engines. When vehicle costs are considered, climate policy incentives are probably insufficient to achieve a switch to H₂. The carbon dioxide (CO₂) mitigation cost would amount to several hundred US$ per ton of CO₂. Energy security goals and the eventual need to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations could be sufficient. Nonetheless, substantial development of related technologies, such as C capture and storage will be needed. Significant H₂ use will also require substantial market intervention during a transition period when there are too few vehicles to motivate widely available H₂ refueling.

用于湿法净化黑烟表面活性剂筛选的数学模型研究

湿法净化燃煤窑炉中的黑烟,关键在于表面活性剂对炭黑的润湿、增溶和降低表面张力作用.根据研究筛选的数学模型,计算AEO-9和SDBS混合表面活性剂溶液的亲水亲油平衡值HLB、临界胶束浓度CMC与胶束形成吉布斯自由能ΔG0mf.通过实验测得不同配比AEO-9和SDBS溶液的CMC和处于该CMC时黑烟的去除效率η,分析混合溶液中HLB、CMC、ΔG0mf与η的关系,建立新的数学模型.结果表明,理论CMC与实测CMC吻合度较好;HLB与ln[CMC]线性相关;ΔG0mf与η存在二次函数关系.降低CMC可以有效增大HLB,增加溶解度,减小形成胶束的吉布斯自由能,降低表面张力,使形成胶束的反应更容易自发进行,有效提高黑烟去除效率.     

应用多元线性溶剂化能关系研究有机膨润土的吸附特征

以十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTMAB)制备的有机膨润土为代表,设置有机膨润土中CTMAB的负载量为1.0倍的阳离子交换量(CEC),测试了其吸附酚类、胺类、硝基类等25种有机物的有机碳标化的吸附系数(K∝)值.在此基础上,运用多元线性回归方法得到了有机膨润土吸附有机物的多元线性溶剂化能关系(LSER)模型,以明确各种作用...     

厦门市能源消费对环境及公共健康影响研究

由能源消费排放的多种大气污染物对环境和公共健康的影响越来越严重.以厦门市为研究案例,应用LEAP模型、剂量效应（Doseeffective）和暴露-响应（Exposure-response）原理构建能源-环境-公共健康模型,计算厦门市不同情景下主要大气污染物PM10和SO2排放量和由这两种污染物引发的公共健康经济损失,...     

苯为好氧共代谢基质的1,1-二氯乙烯的生物降解研究

为更好地去除地下水中常见的混合污染物苯与1,1-二氯乙烯（1,1-DCE）,从用苯与1,1-DCE驯化的好氧共代谢活性污泥中筛选获得6株菌株,并利用16SrDNA技术鉴定菌株属性,通过研究6株菌株的降解特性获得优势菌株,并进一步探讨优势菌株的最佳生长因素.结果表明,筛选的6株菌株中,4株属于产碱杆科,另外2株属于放线菌...     

Path creation for sustainable consumption: promoting alternative heating systems in Finland

There are many cost-effective technologies to reduce resource use and carbon dioxide emissions in space heating, yet they are adopted very slowly, and inefficient heating systems persist. In this article, we examine path dependence and path creation in home heating systems. Path dependence refers to the self-sustaining characteristics of existing systems such as the dominant energy system. Path creation is a related concept that highlights entrepreneurship in ‘mindfully deviating’ from existing paths and creating new ones by engaging various stakeholders and generating momentum. Research on path creation in energy systems has focused on energy production systems, whereas end-use technologies have gained less attention. We explore the role of path creation in end-use technologies through four attempts to change heating systems for detached houses in Finland via the promotion of heat pump technologies. Within the path creation process, we focus on how the initiators of new paths try to counter the forces maintaining the dominant system. In particular, we pay attention to how small organizations make use of co-operation to challenge the existing path. The aim is to identify the conditions for successful path creation by entrepreneurs and energy end-users under adverse conditions.     

太阳能在农村生活污水处理中的应用

结合农村生活污水处理的现状及处理过程中可能出现的问题,将太阳能技术与传统土地渗滤工艺相结合应用于农村生活污水治理工程,保证水质达到排放标准并能延长工程的使用年限。此外文章还介绍了利用太阳能应用的工艺流程、创新点与应用优势及应用前景。     

中国可再生能源发展的环境影响及管理对策

可再生能源并不是“绝对的”清洁能源,其产业链的部分环节也会污染环境和破坏生态。环境管理不善是造成可再生能源项目生态环境破坏的重要原因之一．巨额投资对经济发展的带动作用导致其环保问题被忽视。未来我国可再生能源将持续快速发展,环境影响及生态破坏问题将有可能集中爆发,必须采取有效的管理措施,避免可再生能源环境污染及生态破坏问题,促进可再生能源产业全面均衡健康发展。     

基于碳源/汇角度的低碳城市评价指标体系构建

如何发展低碳经济和建设低碳城市已成为国际热点,而构建低碳城市评价指标体系则是低碳城市建设和发展的前提和基础。本文在对低碳城市理论和内涵详细分析的基础上,从城市碳源／汇角度出发,以定量评价城市能源利用和土地利用造成的碳排放为目标,构建了低碳城市评价指标体系。该指标体系包含了工业低碳指数、交通低碳指数、建筑低碳指数和土地碳汇指数4个二级指标及28个三级指标,并相应地设计了评价模型对各级指标进行综合。评价方法简单直观,并且可以根据城市能源消费结构的不同而调整权重,进而保证了评价不同类型城市时的公平性。     

冀中能源峰峰集团清洁生产工作的实践与创新

开展清洁生产环保对标工作是峰峰集团实现建设绿色矿区、和谐矿区、富强矿区的重要途径,为了实现企业经济结构转变、提高企业污染防治水平、提高企业资源综合利用,峰峰集团从2008年至今,紧紧围绕国家清洁生产环保先进水平的标准,全面推行实施清洁生产审核,开展了在资源综合高效利用、降低污染物排放等方面的环保对标和实践工作,＂废物＂资源利用指标也达到了国内同行业清洁生产先进水平,通过清洁生产环保对标工作的实施,不仅改善了环境,实现了绿色开采,同时又促进了企业的和谐发展、科学发展。