珠江三角洲地区人类活动造成的水土流失及其危害

以广州市为例,重点分析人类活动造成的水土流失现状与危害。广州市的水土流失类型可分为自然侵蚀和人为侵蚀,其中自然侵蚀主要有面蚀、沟蚀两种形式,在广州市范围面积分布相对较广,但侵蚀强度内并不严重;而人为侵蚀突出,侵蚀类型和强度也更为复杂多样。人为侵蚀的成因主要有采石取土、交通道路建设、开发区建设以及坡耕地。人为侵蚀已经成为广州市水土流失灾害的主要表现形式。     

陕北黄土高原陡坡耕地土壤侵蚀变异的空间格局

利用环境放射性核素137-Cs技术定量评价陕北黄土高原典型山坡地顺坡断面(240 m)土壤重新分布的空间变化及其影响因素.结果表明,黄土高原坡地土壤侵蚀率存在明显的空间格局,即山坡中、上部是土壤侵蚀最为严重的地带,土壤平均侵蚀速率高达82.8 t/(hm2(a)以上;山顶和坡脚侵蚀速率较小,土壤平均侵蚀速率分别为17.1 t/(hm2(a)及22.3 t/(hm2(a),而坡下部土壤侵蚀速率居中,土壤平均侵蚀速率为46.8 t/(hm2(a).坡度变化是影响该地区土壤侵蚀速率空间变化的主导因子.本研究结果对黄土高原坡地土壤侵蚀的预测预报和准确防治土壤流失具有重要价值.     

桉树人工林地力衰退防治研究──改全垦为带垦

主要讨论了桉树造林整地方式──全垦与带垦对桉树生长的影响,以及对土壤侵蚀、土壤养分和土壤物理性质的影响．研究结果表明,改全垦为带垦对防止桉树人工林地力衰退有积极作用．     

遥感技术在察布查尔县土壤侵蚀调查中的应用

依据陆地卫星TM遥感影像资料,在ERDAS软件下,通过室内判读与野外调查相结合的方法,解译出土地利用类型图、植被覆盖度图、坡度图。在建立知识库的基础上,利用土壤侵蚀专家分类系统,快速获得察布查尔县土壤侵蚀分类分级状况,为今后该区域的水土保持工作提供参考和依据。     

Predicting Root Density in Streambanks1

Abstract: Roots of riparian vegetation increase streambank erosion resistance and structural stability; therefore, knowledge of root density and distribution in streambanks is useful for stream management and restoration. The objective of this study was to compare streambank root distributions for herbaceous and woody vegetation and to develop empirical models to predict root density. Root length density, root volume ratio, soil physical and chemical properties, and above‐ground vegetation densities were measured at 25 sites on six streams in southwestern Virginia. The Mann‐Whitney test was used to determine differences in root density along stream segments dominated by either woody or herbaceous vegetation. Multiple linear regression was used to develop relationships between root density and site characteristics. Study results showed that roots were evenly distributed across the bank face with the majority of roots having diameters less than 2 mm. Soil bulk density and above‐ground vegetation were key factors influencing root density. While significant relationships were developed to predict root density, the predictive capabilities of the equations was low. Because of the highly variable nature of soil and vegetation properties, it is recommended at this time that soil erodibility and root density be measured in the field for design and modeling purposes, rather than estimated based on empirical relationships.     

Optimal spatial resolution for collection of ground data and multi-sensor image mapping of a soil erosion cover factor

Military training activities disturb ground and vegetation cover of landscapes and increases potential soil erosion. To monitor the dynamics of soil erosion, there is an important need for an optimal sampling design in which determining the optimal spatial resolutions in terms of size of sample plots used for the collection of ground data and the size of pixels for mapping. Given a sample size, an optimal spatial resolution should be cost-efficient in both sampling costs and map accuracy. This study presents a spatial variability-based method for that purpose and compared it with the traditional methods in a study area in which a soil erosion cover factor was sampled and mapped with multiple plot sizes and multi-sensor images. The results showed that the optimal spatial resolutions obtained using the spatial variability-based method were 12 and 20m for years 1999 and 2000, respectively, and were consistent with those using the traditional methods. Moreover, the most appropriate spatial resolutions using the high-resolution images were also consistent with those using ground sample data, which provides a potential to use the high-resolution images instead of ground data to determine the optimal spatial resolutions before sampling. The most appropriate spatial resolutions above were then verified in terms of cost-efficiency which was defined as the product of sampling cost and map error using ordinary kriging without images and sequential Gaussian co-simulation with images to generate maps.     

基于RUSLE模型的东江源区土壤侵蚀时空变化分析

研究东江源区土壤侵蚀对于加强东江流域的生态环境保护和建设，提高粤港地区的用水安全，保证粤港地区的繁荣、稳定发展意义重大。基于1995—2020年的降雨数据、土壤数据、DEM数据和Landsat影像数据，采用RS、GIS技术以及RUSLE模型定量分析东江源区土壤侵蚀时空特征。结果表明：（1）东江源区土壤侵蚀以微度和轻度侵蚀为主，严重侵蚀区域主要分布在源区东南部，果园和矿区等的开发使得局部区域侵蚀加剧。（2）1995—2020年，土壤侵蚀程度总体有所下降，微度以上侵蚀面积共减少了10.19%，土壤侵蚀模数下降了57.75%。其中2008年土壤侵蚀模数最大，达到2397.13 t· (km²·a) ^?1，2020年土壤侵蚀模数最小，为669.47 t (km²·a) ^?1。（3）近26 a以来，东江源区土壤侵蚀改善区域的面积达到16.52%，侵蚀加剧区为4.28%，以矿区侵蚀加剧情况最为明显。（4）源区内土壤侵蚀较严重区域主要发生在矿区、裸地、耕地和果园区，矿产资源的过度开采、不合理的农业耕作方式以及大面积的果树种植等引发更为严重的土壤侵蚀。     

抑尘剂效果评价指标准确性分析

为提高煤矿安全保障能力和职业健康水平,降低煤尘尘肺病等职业病危害,快速且准确判断不同抑尘剂的抑尘效果,研究煤尘抑制剂的固化层厚度、抗风蚀特性、单轴抗压强度(UCS)、贯穿阻力等常用性能评价指标,通过各评价指标的试验方法、不同影响因素下性能差异分析各评价指标的准确性。分析结果表明:使用固化层厚度、抗风蚀特性、UCS评价指标来判断煤尘抑制效果较差,贯穿阻力能较好地判断煤尘的抑制效果。     

气候变化与土壤侵蚀相互作用研究进展

气候变化和土壤侵蚀是当前全球变化研究重点关注的两个自然过程,二者之间的相互作用是地表过程的重要研究内容之一。本文从土壤侵蚀对气候变化的响应、碳循环过程对土壤侵蚀的反馈两个方面综述了气候变化与土壤侵蚀相互作用研究进展。分析认为：理想的地质载体是深刻理解地质历史时期土壤侵蚀对气候变化响应特征的关键;土壤侵蚀预测模型的适用条件和范围以及降雨侵蚀力估算方法缺乏标准化是造成土壤侵蚀量估算结果存在差异的主要因素;侵蚀作用下土壤有机碳矿化的生物学过程与机制是科学评估土壤侵蚀是碳源或碳汇的关键环节。建议未来在以下三个方向开展工作：（1）以湖泊沉积物为地质载体研究历史时期气候变化与土壤侵蚀有着巨大发展和应用潜力,建议利用AMS 14C、137Cs和210Pb等多种定年手段,使用环境指示意义明确的代用指标,建立近千年高分辨率流域气候与侵蚀序列,研究十年至百年尺度气候变化与土壤侵蚀之间的关系;（2）流域版水蚀预报模型（WEPP）可能更适合小流域预测研究,在其实践应用过程中除规范标准小区的坡度和坡长之外,还应通过长期观测和试验确定不同气候区侵蚀性降雨阙值以计算降雨侵蚀力;（3）可以尝试采用定量稳定同位素探针技...