The effect of local calamities on educational achievement

This study investigates the impact of two local calamities-an explosion at a firework factory in the city of Enschede on 13 May and a fire at a discotheque on 1 January 2001 during a New Years Eve party in the town of Volendam-on the educational achievement of children at the end of their primary education. Based on a quasi-experimental design with both control groups and pre-tests, we found that in the three years following the two tragedies, the test scores of girls in those areas closest to the events were on average 0.2 standard deviations lower. This corresponds to a downward shift in the distribution of girls' test scores. Boys' test scores, meanwhile, were not significantly affected by the disasters, and nor were the scores of pupils from nearby areas. In the three years following the calamities, girls' test scores in one of the areas (Volendam) have slowly recovered, although they remain well below their pre-event level.     

劳动力转移、性别差异与农地流转及合约选择

通过构建“劳动力转移-性别差异-农地流转及合约选择”分析框架,分析劳动力转移性别差异背后的行为经济学含义,进而探讨不同性别的劳动力转移对农户农地流转供给决策与合约选择的差异化影响机制。理论研究表明,女性在家庭中起粘结家庭成员的作用,女性劳动力非农就业更能体现家庭的“离农”,因而女性劳动力的非农就业行为对农户农地流转供给决策具有更明显的促进作用;男性是农户家庭在村庄中排他能力的标志,具有不可忽视的农地流转风险规避功能,因而男性劳动力的外出就业距离对农户农地流转的合约选择起决定性作用。利用全国9省(区)4772个农户样本数据进行实证分析,计量结果表明:①女性劳动力非农就业比例每增加10%,农户转出农地面积占承包地面积比例增加1.06%;②男性劳动力县外就业比例每增加10%,农户转出农地时签订关系型合约的可能性增加1.11%;③男性劳动力县外就业比例每增加10%,意愿合约形式为无合同的可能性增加0.63%,意愿合约形式为口头合同的可能性增加0.29%,意愿合约形式为书面合同的可能性减少0.91%。这意味着,为了劳动力流转市场与农地流转市场更流畅地互动,应为农村女性劳动力营造一个更加合适、有利和公平的非农就业环境,这可成为未来农村劳动力就业扶持政策的重要方向。另一方面,促进正式契约与关系型合约的有机衔接,有利于农地流转合约的正式化与规范化,从而为农地流转市场的健康发育提供有力保障。     

Women's experiences across disasters: a study of two towns in Texas,United States

Gender, although gaining attention, remains under-researched in disaster risk reduction protocols and response and recovery efforts. This study examines women's experiences of two disasters in small towns in the United States, utilising qualitative interviews with residents of Granbury and West, Texas, during the first year of disaster recovery. Granbury was struck by an EF-4 tornado on 15 May 2013, whereas an explosion occurred at a local fertiliser facility in West on 17 April 2013. The paper explores how women's experiences of inter-gender power dynamics in decision-making, the prioritisation of childcare, and women's participation in the community affect their post-disaster recovery. Previous research highlights different forms of human response and recovery vis-à-vis ‘natural’ and technological disasters, with less attention paid to gender differences. The results point to the persistent, and similar, effect of gender stratification on women's experiences across different types of disasters in the US and the continued importance of gender-sensitive disaster policies and programmes.     

不同土壤腐蚀性评价方法对接地网腐蚀判断的比较及差异性分析

采用多项指标综合评价法和埋片失重法分别对变电站土壤进行腐蚀性评价,比较评价结果并分析产生差异的原因;对不同性质的土壤选择适当的土壤腐蚀性评价方法提出指导性建议。     

中国农村绿色发展绩效的空间差异

运用多种DEA模型与Gini准则相结合的方法,采用2003—2012年中国31个省、直辖市和自治区农村数据,对中国及其各地区农村绿色发展绩效值进行了动态测算与分析,在此基础上,对各省市及其所属地区农村绿色发展绩效值进行排名和分析。结果表明,从全国层面来看,中国农村绿色发展绩效整体上呈现上升趋势,如综合绩效值由2.184上升至2.824,表明全国在关注农村经济发展的同时越来越注重环境保护,注重资源和能源的节约,从而促进了全国农村地区绿色发展绩效的提高;从分区域来看,农村绿色发展绩效存在地区差异,绿色发展绩效较高地区是东北,年均值为2.502,西北次之,年均值为2.385,华北、华东和中南地区绩效值相对偏低;进一步地,各省、直辖市和自治区农村绿色发展绩效逐年呈现上升趋势,但有部分省市,如辽宁、河北和山西等,农村绿色发展绩效值偏低,甚至低于该省市所在地区的平均绩效值,这不仅反映了该省市农村绿色发展绩效较低,而且表明了该省市农村绿色发展绩效的高低制约着其所在地区农村整体绿色发展绩效的提升。此外,由于不同省、直辖市和自治区在资源禀赋、技术水平、政策和制度环境等方面不同,农村绿色发展的绩效值在省际之间存在较大差异。基于研究结果,在今后我国农村地区绿色发展过程中,一方面,需要加大绿色资源的投入,为农村绿色发展提供基本的条件;另一方面,需要加大对农村绿色劳动力的投入,确保为农村绿色发展提供高素质劳动力;与此同时,还要不断提高绿色技术水平,为农村绿色发展创造良好的技术条件,以此促进我国农村地区绿色绩效的进一步提高。     

西南山地丘陵区典型乡镇环境因素对农村新建居民点布局与复垦的影响差异分析

农村居民点作为中国城乡二元化的重要体现形式,是农村人地关系问题产生的主导因素和农村社会的基本单元。该文以重庆市石柱县临溪镇2010~2014年的新建居民点和复垦数据为主要数据源,采用偏离度和空间变异系数分析各环境因素对居民点新建与复垦分布的影响,并利用极值法对新建居民适宜区域和居民点复垦重点区域进行选择。结果表明:不同环境因素对新建居民点与居民点复垦的空间分布影响差异性明显,道路和场镇因素对2类居民点空间数量分布的影响最大。居民点复垦在道路与耕地2影响因素的偏离度最大值分别为0.69和–0.503,这2类因素是影响居民点复垦的主要因素。新建居民点在道路和坡度的偏离度值分别为–0.742和–0.106,该2类因素是影响新建居民点的关键因素。居民点复垦总体偏离度绝对值为1.53,对居民点总体布局的影响比新建居民点大。环境因素分级因子对新建与居民点复垦影响差异突出,新建居民点靠近城镇、道路、河流以及分布于6°~15°缓坡的趋向明显;居民点复垦远离城镇、道路及分布于陡坡的趋势突出。利用极值法研究发现,道路0~10 m和坡度6°~15°的分级因子组合为最适宜的新建居民点区域,道路大于40 m和耕地70~10 m的分级因子组合为居民点复垦的重点区域。该研究对典型山地丘陵区的新建农村居民点选址及复垦重点区域选择具有理论意义与实践价值。     

Diurnal changes in photosynthetic parameters of Populus tremuloides, modulated by elevated concentrations of CO2 and/or O3 and daily climatic variation

The diurnal changes in light-saturated photosynthesis (Pn) under elevated CO₂ and/or O₃ in relation to stomatal conductance (g_s), water potential, intercellular [CO₂], leaf temperature and vapour-pressure difference between leaf and air (VPD_L) were studied at the Aspen FACE site. Two aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) clones differing in their sensitivity to ozone were measured. The depression in Pn was found after 10:00 h. The midday decline in Pn corresponded with both decreased g_s and decreased Rubisco carboxylation efficiency, Vc_max. As a result of increasing VPD_L, g_s decreased. Elevated [CO₂] resulted in more pronounced midday decline in Pn compared to ambient concentrations. Moreover, this decline was more pronounced under combined treatment compared to elevated CO₂ treatment.The positive impact of CO₂ on Pn was relatively more pronounced in days with environmental stress but relatively less pronounced during midday depression. The negative impact of ozone tended to decrease in both cases.     

中国建筑业能源效率省际差异及其影响因素分析

我国建筑业存在着高消耗、高污染和低能效等问题。提高建筑业能源效率、降低能源消耗对实现社会经济的可持续发展具有重要意义。本文以中国区域建筑业为研究对象,在全要素能源效率的框架下,基于30个省份2005-2008年的面板数据,利用DEA方法对各省的建筑业能源效率进行测度和评价。结果表明:不同省份建筑业能源效率存在较大差异,其中黑龙江、上海和浙江效率最高,各年的效率值均为1,内蒙古和山东的效率最低,各年的效率值均不足0.3。在此基础上,本文从能源消费结构、产业发展程度、产业组织特征、辅助产业发展程度和科技水平5个方面选取10个变量,利用Tobit回归模型,分析了各变量对能源效率的影响。结果表明:能源消费结构、产业发展程度、产业集中度、市场化程度和外商投资等是导致能源效率省际差异的主要因素。本文建议,应通过提高电力等高效能源的消费比重、适度调整产业结构、提高产业集中度、加强外资引进等措施来提高建筑业能源效率。     

基于PP-DEA模型的区域城镇化发展差异的综合评价

区域城镇化发展存在差异是客观现象,对这种差异进行科学、理性的评价是城镇化研究的核心内容之一。以安徽省区域城镇化发展差异为研究对象,以基于遗传算法的投影寻踪模型和数据包络分析模型为基础,从静态的发展水平和动态的发展效率两个方面对安徽省区域城镇化发展差异进行了综合评价,并通过构造综合差异指数把安徽省划分成4类城镇化发展水平区,包括高水平区、较高水平区、中水平区和低水平区,为此指出安徽省城镇化发展既要注重提高城镇化发展在资源投入、利用上的效率,又要坚持走提高发展质量和技术含量的内涵型发展之路。研究结果表明:基于PP-DEA模型的研究方法可有效克服传统的基于多元统计方法的综合评价技术的不足,能够更科学、更全面地反映区域城镇化发展的差异情况,其能对区域城镇化发展差异研究提供一定的参考价值。     

Long-term gendered consequences of permanent disabilities caused by the 2005 Pakistan earthquake

This study documents the long-term gendered impact of the 2005 Pakistan earthquake on women and men who were rendered paraplegic as a result of spinal cord injuries sustained during the disaster. Coping mechanisms are also mapped. The findings show that three years after the disaster, paraplegic women are socially, emotionally, and financially isolated. The small stipend they receive is a significant source of income, but it has also led to marital distrust, violence, and abuse. In contrast, men receive full social and emotional support. Their key concern is that the government is not providing them with opportunities to be economically productive. Contemporary discourse and post-disaster policies, while acknowledging the importance of incorporating a gender perspective in the immediate post-disaster period, have failed to acknowledge and address the longer-term gendered impact of disasters, in terms of the different types of impact and strategies adopted by women and men.